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Separation Techniques

The document outlines various separation techniques for mixtures, including decanting, visual separation, magnetic separation, sieving, filtration, evaporation, simple distillation, and fractional distillation. It also highlights indigenous methods such as winnowing, cold-pressing, filtering, and yandying, emphasizing their cultural significance and practical applications. Each technique is explained with examples and the properties that enable the separation process.

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Separation Techniques

The document outlines various separation techniques for mixtures, including decanting, visual separation, magnetic separation, sieving, filtration, evaporation, simple distillation, and fractional distillation. It also highlights indigenous methods such as winnowing, cold-pressing, filtering, and yandying, emphasizing their cultural significance and practical applications. Each technique is explained with examples and the properties that enable the separation process.

Uploaded by

emilmaryc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SEPARATION

TECHNIQUES
Separation of mixture
• Mixtures can be easily separated. Methods like sieving,
filtering, chromatography and evaporating can be used.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3rw9Ytdoi5I&list=PLIbh0OeTmHUA2mtnbCooLm1K05vcQfAuO&ind
ex=5
Decanting
• Decanting is when you separate a liquid from an insoluble solid by
carefully pouring the liquid from the container leaving the sediment
behind.
• E.g. draining vegetables, decanting wine to remove the sediment,
separating sand and water, panning for gold.
• It is the density of the solid compared to the liquid that is the
property that enables you to decant.
• The solid or denser particles sink to the bottom and the water can
then be poured off.
Visual separation
• Visual separation is when materials can be separated by hand due to
the differences in size and appearance with other substances in the
mixture.
• The substances are easily identified between each other and can be
easily separated by hand.
• Eg. Separating rocks and leaves, marbles from sand.
• It is the colour, size and shape which is the important property used
for this type of separation.
Magnetic separation
• Magnetic separation is when magnetic material is removed from a
mixture using a magnetic force.
• The magnetic material is attracted to the magnet and leaves the other
non magnetic substances behind.
• Eg separating paper clips from sand, metal materials from the
recycling bins.
• It is the magnetic features of the material which enables it to be
separated in this way.
Sieving
• Sieving is when you separate different substances by using a sieve.
• Mixtures of different sized particles are separated by passing the
mixture through a device containing many small holes.
• The holes allow the smaller particles to pass through trapping the
larger particles in the container.
• Sieving is generally used when you have a mixture with
reasonable sized particles.
• Eg separating macaroni from water, removing lumps from flour.
• It is the size of the particles which is the important property when
sieving.
• A mixture made of solid particles of different sizes,
for example sand and gravel, can be separated by
sieving.
• Sieving is also used to separate large, insoluble solids from a liquid.
Separating a mixture of iron
filings and sand
• A mixture of iron filings and sand can
easily be separated using a magnet.
The iron filings are attracted to the
magnet, but the sand is not. A
mixture of iron filings and sulfur
powder could be separated in
exactly the same way.
Filtration
Filtering is when you separate materials based on the size of the particles by
passing the mixture through material (generally paper) which allows the
smaller particles to pass through and traps the larger ones.
Filtering is generally used in place of sieving when you are dealing with
particle sizes that are much smaller and would easily pass through the holes
in a sieve,
Eg separating dirt from water, flour and water.
It is the size of the particles which is the important property when filtering.
• When a mixture of sand and water is filtered:
• the sand stays behind in the filter paper (it becomes the residue)
• the water passes through the filter paper (it becomes the filtrate)
• A beaker containing a mixture of insoluble solid and
liquid. There is filter paper in a filter funnel above
another beaker.
• The mixture of insoluble solid and liquid is poured into
the filter funnel.
1.The liquid particles are small enough to pass through
the filter paper as a filtrate. The solid particles are too
large to pass through the filter paper and stay behind as
a residue.
Evaporation
• Evaporation as a separation technique is a method in which water can be
converted from its liquid form to its vapour / gas form.
• E.g. drying the clothes, separating salt and water, sugar and water, dirt and water.
• Although evaporation enables you to separate the two substances it does not
allow you to capture the water. It simply leaves the residue behind.
• Evaporation is used to separate a soluble solid (i.e. a solid that
dissolves) from a liquid.
• For example, copper sulfate is soluble in water – its crystals
dissolve in water to form copper sulfate solution.
• During evaporation, the water evaporates away leaving solid
copper sulfate crystals behind.
• A solution is placed in an evaporating basin and heated
with a Bunsen burner.
• The volume of the solution has decreased because
some of the water has evaporated. Solid particles begin
to form in the basin.
• All the water has evaporated, leaving solid crystals
behind.
Simple distillation

• Simple distillation is a method for separating the solvent


from a solution. For example, water can be separated
from salt solution by simple distillation. This method
works because water has a much lower boiling point
than salt. When the solution is heated, the water
evaporates. It is then cooled and condensed into a
separate container. The salt does not evaporate and so
it stays behind.
• Every pure substance has its own particular melting
point and boiling point. One way to check the purity of
the separated liquid is to measure its boiling point. For
example, pure water boils at 100°C. If it contains any
dissolved solids, like salt, its boiling point will be higher
than 100°C. That is why salt is often added to water
when cooking. The water boils at a higher temperature
and so the food cooks more quickly.
Fractional distillation
• Fractional distillation is a method for separating a liquid
from a mixture of two or more liquids. For example,
liquid ethanol can be separated from a mixture of
ethanol and water by fractional distillation. This method
works because the liquids in the mixture have different
boiling points.
• When the mixture is heated, the liquid with the lowest
boiling point boils first. The vapour condenses in the
condenser before the other liquid boils. The long
fractionating column ensures that the second liquid
does not get into the condenser until most of the first
one has been removed.
• One way to check the purity of the separated liquids is
to measure their boiling points. For example, pure
ethanol boils at 78°C and pure water boils at 100°C.
INDIGENOUS SEPARATION
TECHNIQUES
Winnowing
• Winnowing is an ancient separation technique used across many cultures,
including First Nations Peoples
• Its purpose is to separate seeds from other unwanted parts of a plant that
aren’t good for eating (known as chaff).
• First Nations people of Kiwirrkurra community in the Gibson Desert harvest
the seeds of the thick-leaved mallee tree (Eucalyptus pachyphylla) to grind,
and then combine with water to eat as a paste. To harvest the seed, hand-
pick unopened gumnuts are dried in the sun until they open. Sometimes
tree branches are carefully burnt to trigger the opening of the gumnuts. The
cooled branches are then tapped on the edges of large wooden dishes
(coolamon or piti) to release the seeds. The seeds are then separated from
any grit and chaff from the tree by winnowing in the wind using a large
wooden dish
Cold-pressing
• Cold-pressing is a separation technique that uses pressure to extract
oils from plant matter.
• No heat is used in the process.
• First Nations Peoples cold-press macadamias and coconuts for their
oil by grinding the plant matter to a pulp and extracting the liquid
content by applying pressure to the pulp mixture
• Essential oils from medicinal plants are widely used for their healing
properties. The oil from the narrow-leaved poverty bush is extracted
by finely chopping the leaves and mashing them, using pressure, into
an oily paste that can then be applied directly to the skin
Filtering
• The basic principle of filtering in chemistry involves pushing a mixture
through a physical barrier with small holes or gaps to separate the
larger particles from the smaller ones.
• We often think of filtering when it comes to maintaining and cleaning
our drinking water.
• Living on the driest inhabited continent in the world, First Nations
people developed extensive knowledge of the groundwater systems
of this land in order to survive. Water has been channelled, covered
and filtered and managed sustainably for thousands of years
• A natural source of filtered water comes from wetlands. The plants
within wetlands act like a filter by slowing down moving water,
allowing large particles of sediment to settle on the stream bed
Yandying
• Like winnowing, yandying is a process that uses the property of density.
• But instead of using the wind to separate substances of different densities, this
process uses gravity and vibration.
• A mixture is placed inside a wooden container (like a coolamon), raised slightly at
one end, and gently shaken. This allows the larger and less dense particles in the
mixture to stay at the top of the container and separate from the smaller and
denser ones, which fall quickly to the bottom.
• It’s called ‘yandying’ because Yindjibarndi People of the Pilbara region in Western
Australia use the term ‘yandy’ to describe both the process and the wooden
container that’s used
• Yandying is often used to separate seeds from their pods, or from sand, dirt or
ash.

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