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The document discusses the properties and functions of hardwood and softwood, including examples and applications for various types of wood. It also covers the process of manufacturing boards, marking out techniques, measuring tools, seasoning, and types of sawing with their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it highlights the characteristics of hardwood versus softwood.

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sahana
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7 views

Material

The document discusses the properties and functions of hardwood and softwood, including examples and applications for various types of wood. It also covers the process of manufacturing boards, marking out techniques, measuring tools, seasoning, and types of sawing with their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it highlights the characteristics of hardwood versus softwood.

Uploaded by

sahana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Material

Sahana
Material
• Resistant: hard and difficult to work with
Examples: wood, plastic, and metal

• Non-resistant: soft, easy to work with


Examples: card, textiles, clay and foam
Wood
Hardwood
Solid wood
Softwood

Hardwood: comes from deciduous trees.


These trees have broad leaves

Softwood: comes from coniferous trees


Found in cooler parts of the world
Functions of hardwood
Name Properties Functions
Jelutong • Not very strong and durable Carving and manufactured toys
• Easy to work with

Dark red meranti • Quite strong and durable Furniture, flooring, door and window frame, plywood
• Can be difficult to work with

Chengai • Hard, strong and durable, Garden benches, bridges, boats


• Easy to work with
• It can be stained, polished or varnished

Teak • Hard strong and durable Quality furniture, laboratory bench-tops, parquet
• Quite easy to work with flooring
• Attractive grain

Kapur • Very durable and stiff Formwork in construction, hulls of boat, deck of lorries
• Has camphor smell

Nyatoh • Fairly strong and durable Beams, rafters, joists, door and window frames, furniture
• Can be stained and polished and plywood
Wood
Wood

Solid wood
Manufactured board

Plywood, Chipboard,
Hardwood: Softwood: Softboard, MDF
Jelutong, Fir, Pine (medium density
Meranti, fibreboard)
Ramin, Teak,
Chengal,
Nyatoh
Functions of Manufactured Boards

Manufactured Board Properties Functions


Plywood Very strong, does not wrap easily Tabletops, shelves, wall panels,
stage set in theatres
Chipboard Cheap materials, weak Knock-down furniture, kitchen
worktop
Softboard Cheap, light, weak Noticeboards, sound-proof wall
panels
Medium Density Fibreboard Machines are well with smooth Bedroom sets, dining tables,
edges, easy to shape and form, not sideboards
waterproof, can be stained or
spray-painted
Process of Manufactured Boards
1. Log, Branches, and waste wood
2. Wood is crushed into chips
3. Chips are dried into kiln
4. Chips are served to the required size
5. Wood chips
6. Glue is poured on the chips
7. Chips are spread on
Marking out
Accurate marking out will ensure that there is no wastage of material and that the
design looks good

1. Datum Reference:
Requires 2 straight edges (datum reference)
The wooden workpiece is called face side or face edge

CHECK!!!
Ruler: check if the block is straight
Try square:to measure 90 degrees to each other
Marking out
• A sharp pencil to mark lines on wood
• Marking lines at 90 degrees to an edge
• Try square and a pencil to mark lines at a right angle to a face side or edge
• A marking knife with a try square is used to cut a line across the grain of a piece of
wood where a section of the wood needs to be removed.
Measuring and marking out tools
Name Function
Steel ruler Used to measure lengths
Check flatness of an edge
Try-square It is composed of 2 main parts: stock and blade
Used to mark straight lines
Used to test how a square piece of wood is and to
measure right angles
The measuring tape Flexible metal strip
Suitable to measure long dimensions
Used to measure around curves and corners
Pencil Used to draw lines of outlines of various shapes on
wood
Used together with a steel ruler, try-square and
measuring tape
The marking knife Two main parts: blade and handle
Used to scribe a line which has to be cut using a saw
or chisel across the grain
Seasoning

• A name given to timber and how it is dried


When a tree is growing, it absorbs water.
This makes the timber heavy and harder to transport
It is also prone to insect and fungal attacks
Prone to warping and other defects
Types of sawing
Through and through sawing:
Advantages:
1. Low cost and fast
2. Maximum width of planks obtained from wood
3. Little wastage
4. Reveals attractive grain patterns

Disadvantages:
5. Not suitable for structural timber
6. Some boards are all sapwood ( the tree's pipeline for water moving
up to the leaves)
Types of sawing
Quarter sawing:
Advantages:
1. Attractive grain pattern
2. Boards are more stable
3. Boards wear more evenly, important for sawing

Disadvantages:
4. Expensive
5. Narrower
Types of sawing
Plain sawing
Advantages:
The most common method produces a high quantity of usable timber
Flat grains – faces
Quarter grain – edges

Disadvantage:
1. Prone at sinkage
2. Expensive (log turned 90 degrees for each out)
Revision

Characteristics of hardwood Characteristics of softwood


Broad leaves Needle-like leaves
Seeds are found inside leaves Produce cones
Grow slowly Grow faster
Grow better in warm climate Grow better in cold climate

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