Introduction

1
 1.0 Technology Revolution
• 18th Century Mechanical systems
• 19th Century Steam Engine
• 20th Century Information
- gathering
- distribution
- processing
- creating
• 21st Century Networks
Human-to-Human, Machine-to-Machine
2
 What is a Computer Network
◆ A set of communication elements connected by
communication links
router
workstatio
➭ Communication elements n
● Computers, printers, mobile phones, serve
r
… mobile
local ISP
● Routers, switches, ...

➭ Communication links
● optic fiber regional
● coaxial cable ISP
● twisted pair
● wireless (radio, microwave, satellite)

➭ Topologies
● Ring, Star, Bus, Tree, Mesh
compa
ny 3

networ
 What is a Computer
Network
◆ A software/hardware infrastructure
➭ Share resources
● data, files, computing power, video,…

➭ Information highway
● communication between geographically dispersed
users

➭ Electronic Society
● Cyberspace
● Virtual global nation

4
 Introduction
 Computer Network
– an interconnected collection of autonomous computers
 Internet: “network of networks”
– loosely hierarchical
– public Internet versus private intranet
 WWW a distributed systems run on the top of Internet
 Distributed System
– High degree of cohesiveness and transparency
– A software system built on top of a network

5
1.1 Uses of Computer
Networks
• Business Applications
• Home Applications
• Mobile Users
• Social Issues

6
Business Applications of Networks
a. Resource sharing (hardware, software, information, …)
b. Providing communication medium (e-mail,
videoconferenceing)
c. Doing business electronically (B2B, B2C, e-commerce)

A network with two clients and one

server. 7
Goals of Networks for Companies
 Resource sharing: equipment, programs, data
 high reliability
– replicated data
– hardware
 Saving money
– mainframe: 10 times faster, but 1000 times more
expensive than PC
– client-server model
 Scalability
– mainframe: replace a larger one
– client-server model: add more servers
 Communication medium for separated employees 8
Business Applications of Networks (2)
a. Two processes are involved
b.A communication network is
needed

The client-server model involves requests and

replies. 9
Home Network Applications

• Access to remote information

• Person-to-person
communication
• Interactive entertainment
• Electronic commerce

10
 Networks for People
– Access to remote information
• e.g.: financial, shopping, customized newspapers,
on-line digital library, WWW
– Person-to-person communication
• email, video conference, newsgroup
– Interactive entertainment
• VOD, interactive movies or TVs,
game playing

11
 Home Network Applications
(2)

In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and

servers. 12
Home Network Applications (3)

Music sharing

Some forms of e-
commerce.
13
 Mobile Network Users
Wireless Mobile Applications

No No Desktop computers in offices

No Yes A notebook computer used in a hotel room

Yes NO Networks in older, unwired buildings

Yes Yes Store inventory with a handheld computer

Combinations of wireless networks and mobile

computing.
14
 Social Issues
• Network neutrality
• Digital Millennium Copyright
Act
• Profiling users
• Phishing

15
 Network Hardware

• Personal area networks

• Local area networks
• Metropolitan area networks
• Wide are networks
• The internet

16
 Network Hardware

Types of transmission technology

• Broadcast links
• Point-to-point links

17
 Network Hardware
– Broadcast networks
• single communication channel shared by
all machines
• broadcasting or multicasting (via packets)
– broadcasting: a special code in address field
– multicasting: reserve one bit to indicate multicasting, the
remaining n-1address bits can hold a group number.
Each machine can subscribe to any groups
• used by localized networks (or satellites)
– point-to-point networks
• many hops
• routing algorithms: multiple routes are possible
• used by large networks
18
 Network Hardware

Classification of interconnected processors by

scale. 19
Personal Area Network

Bluetooth PAN
configuration 20
 Local Area Networks

Wireless and wired LANs. (a) 802.11. (b) Switched

Ethernet. 21
Local Area Networks (LANs)
· Characterics of LANs: (a) privated-owned, (b)
small size,
(c) transmission technology, (d) topology
· Ethernets are most popular (up to 10 Gb/s)

Four broadcast networks

(a) Bus 802.3
(b) Ring 802.5
(c) Token Ring 802.4 22
(d) Wireless LAN 802.11
 Local Area Networks
 Characteristics
– small size
– transmission technology
• single cable (single channel)
• 10Mbps ~ 10Gb/s
• 10Gb/s : 10,000,000.000 bps
– topology:
• bus
– Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): 10 or 100 Mbps
(10Gb/s)
• ring
– IBM token ring (IEEE 802.5): 4 or 16 Mbps
• Wireless broadcast
 Channel allocation of broadcast networks
– static: each machine has an allocated time slot 23
– dynamic
Metropolitan Area Networks

A metropolitan area network based on

cable TV. 24
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
·WANs are point-to-point networks
·WANs consist of two distinct components:
transmission lines (copper, fiber, microwave) and switches (electronics, optics)
 Store-and-forward or packet-switched subnet

Relation between hosts on LANs and the 25

subnet.
 Wide Area Networks

WAN that connects three branch offices in

Australia
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice
 Wide Area Networks

WAN using a virtual private

network.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice
 Wide Area Networks

WAN using an ISP

Computer Networks, Fifthnetwork.
Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice
Network Topology

29
 Subnet (WANs)
Subnet (WANs) is consists of two components:
– transmission lines (circuits, channels, trunks)
• move bits between machines
– switching elements
• connect transmission lines
• Router: also called packet switching nodes,
intermediate systems, and data switching exchanges
• Operate in store-and-forward, or packet-
switched mode.

30
 Wide Area Networks (2)

Routing decisions are made locally·

How A makes that decision is called the routing algorithm.
 Will be studied in detail in Chapter 6.

A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

(virtual- circuit)
31
 Network Software
• Protocol Hierarchies (Layer structure)
• Design Issues for the Layers
• Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
• Service Primitives
• The Relationship of Services to Protocols

32
 Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies
– a series of layers (levels)
– lower layer provides service to higher layers
– protocol:
• an agreement between the communication parties on
how communication is to proceed
– Peers:
• the corresponding layers on different machines.

– Network architecture: a set of layers and protocols

– Protocol stack:
• a list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol
per
layer
33
 Network Software
Virtual
Protocol Hierarchies Communication

 Peer

Physical
Communication

Layers, protocols, and interfaces.

Network Architecture: A set of layers and protocols 34
Protocol Stack: A list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per
 Network Software
◆ Layering
➭ To make things simple: modularization container
➭ Different layer has different functions
➭ Create layer boundary such that
● description of services can be small
● number of interactions across boundary are minimized
● potential for interface standardized

➭ Different level of abstraction in the handling of data (e.g.,

syntax, semantics)
➭ Provide appropriate services to upper layer
➭ Use service primitives of lower layer
35
 Protocol Hierarchies

The philosopher-translator-secretary
architecture. 36
 Protocol Hierarchies
Message segmentation Encapsulation

Example information flow supporting virtual

communication in layer 37
 Design Issues for the Layers
• Addressing (telephone number, e-mail
address, IP address,…)
• Error Control (error correction codes,
ARQ, HARQ,…)
• Flow Control (feedback-based, rate-
based)
• Multiplexing (gathering several small
messages with the same destination into
a single large message or vice versa 
Demultiplexing)
• Routing (directing traffic to the 38
destination)
 Design Issues for
Layers
 Identify senders and receivers
– multiple computers and processes:
addressing
 Data transfer
– simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
communication
– # of logical channels per connections,
priorities
 Error control
– error detection
– error correction
39
 Sequencing of pieces
 Design Issues for
Layers
 Flow control

– feedback from the receiver

– agreed upon transmission rate
 Length of messages
– long messages: disassemble, transmit, and
reassmeble messages
– short messages: gather several small messages
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
– when expensive to set up a separate connection
– needed in physical layer
 Routing: split over two or more layers
– High level: London -> France or Germany ->
Rome
– Low level: many available 40

circuits
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Services

Movie
download
Voice over IP

Text
messaging

Six different types of

service. 41
Service Primitives (operations)
(1)

ACCEPT Accept an incoming connection from a

peer

Six service primitives that provide a

simple connection-oriented
service 42
 Service Primitives (2)
If the protocol stack is located in the operating
system,
the primitives are normally system calls.

Packets sent in a simple client-server

interaction on a connection-
oriented network. 43
 Services to Protocols Relationship
·The service defines what operations the layer is prepared to perform on behalf of
its users

·A service is a set of primitives that a layer provides to the layer above it.
·A protocol is a set of rules governing the format and meaning of the
packets which are exchanged by the peer entities in the same layer.
Services related to the interfaces between layers;
 Protocols related to the packets sent between peer entities on
different machine. Service Users

Service
Providers

44
The relationship between a service and a
 Reference Models
• OSI reference model
• TCP/IP reference model
• Model used for this text
• Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
• Critique of OSI model and
protocols
• Critique of the TCP/IP model

46
 The design principle of the OSI
reference model
• A layer should be created where a
different abstraction is needed
• Each layer should perform a well
defined function
• The function of each layer can be chosen
as an international standard
• The layer boundaries should be chosen to
minimize the information flow across the
interfaces
• The number of layers should be not too large
or not too small (optimum)
47
 Reference Models

The OSI
referenc
e
model.

4
7
 The functions of the seven layers
• The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over
a communication channel
• The data link layer performs flow control and also transforms a
raw
transmission facility into a line that appears error free (ARQ)
• The network layer controls the operation of the subnet, e.g.
routing, flow control, internetworking,…
• The transport layer performs assembling and disassembling,
isolates the upper layers from the changes in the network
hardware, and determines the type of services
• The session layer establishes sessions (dialog control, …)
• The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics
• The application layer contains a variety of commonly used
protocols (e.g. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol for WWW, file
transfer, e-mail, network news,…) 49
The TCP/IP Reference Models Layers

• Link layer
• Internet layer
• Transport
layer
• Application
layer

50
The TCP/IP Reference Model (1)

The TCP/IP reference

model
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice
 The TCP/IP Reference Model
(2)

The TCP/IP reference model with some protocols we

will study
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice
 The Model Used in this
Book

The reference model used in this

book.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
Concepts central to the OSI model
• Services: defines layer’s semantics
• Interfaces: tells the processes above it
how to access it.
• Protocols
Probably the biggest contribution of the OSI model is to
make the distinction between these three
concepts explicit.

54
A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols

Why OSI did not take over the world

• Bad timing
• Bad technology
• Bad implementations
• Bad politics

55
 Bad Timing

investment

opportunity
right time
new
to make
discovery

The apocalypse of the two

elephants. 56
 Bad Technology
• The choice of seven layers was political
- session and presentation layers are nearly
empty
- Data and network layers are overfull
• The OSI model is extraordinarily complex
• Some functions e.g. addressing, flow
control, error control reappear again and
again

57
 Bad Implementations
• Huge, Unwieldy, and Slow

Bad Politics
• Bureaucrats involved too much (European
telecommunication ministries, community, US
government)

58
 A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model

Problems:
• Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished
• Not a general model
• Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer (is an interface)
• No mention of physical and data link layers
• Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace
(The virtual terminal protocol, TELNET, was designed
for mechanical teletype terminal)

59
 Hybrid Model

The hybrid reference model to be used in

this book.
60
 Example Networks
• Internet
• ARPANET
• NSFNET
• Third-generation mobile phone
networks
• Wireless LANs: 802.11
• RFID and sensor networks

61
 The ARPANET

(a) Structure of the telephone system.

(b)Baran’s proposed distributed switching 62
system.
 ARPANET (1969-1989)

● Original backbone of Internet

● Wide area network around which TCP/IP was developed
● Funding from Advanced Research Project Agency
● Initial speed 50 Kbps

63
The ARPANET (2)

The original ARPANET

design. 64
 The ARPANET (3)

Growth of the ARPANET (a) December (b) July

1969. 1970.
(c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 64
1972.
 NSFNET

The NSFNET backbone in

1988. 66
 NSFNET (1987-
1992)
● Funded by National Science Foundation

● Motivation: Internet backbone to connect all scientists and

engineers

● Introduced Internet hierarchy

– Wide area backbone spanning geographic U.S.
– Many mid-level (regional) networks that attach to backbone
– Campus networks at lowest level

● Initial speed 1.544 Mbps

67
Architecture of the Internet

Overview of the Internet

architecture 68
 Internet Usage
Traditional applications (1970 – 1990)
• E-mail
• News
• Remote login
• File transfer
World Wide Web changed all that and brought millions of new,
nonacademic users.
Internet Service Providers (ISP) offer individual users at home
the ability to call up one of their machines and connect
to the Internet to access all kinds of services.
69
 Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (1)

Cellular design of mobile phone

networks
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice
 Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (2)

Architecture of the UMTS 3G mobile phone

network.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice
 Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (3)

Mobile phone handover (a) before, (b)

after.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice
 Wireless LANs

(a) Wireless networking with a base

station.
(b)Ad hoc networking. 73
Wireless LANs: 802.11 (1)

Multipath
fading 74
 Wireless LANs (2)

The range of a single radio may not cover the entire

system. 75
Wireless LANs (3)

A multicell 802.11
network.
76
 Network Standardization

• Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World

• Who’s Who in the International Standards World
• Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World

77
 Standard Organizations
◆ Telecommunication
➭ International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
● Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
◆ International Standard
➭ International Standards Organization (ISO)
● ANSI (USA), ETSI (Europe)
● BSI (Great Britain)
● AFNOR(France)
➭ IEEE
◆ Internet Standard
➭ Internet Activities Board (IAB, 1983)
➭ Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
➭ Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
➭ Request for Comments (RFC)
● http://cache2.cis.nctu.edu.tw/Documents/rfc/
● ftp://ftp.merit.edu/internet/documents/rfc/
➭ Internet Draft Standard
➭ Internet Standard
78
 ITU
• Main sectors
• Radiocommunications
• Telecommunications Standardization
• Development
• Classes of Members
• National governments
• Sector members
• Associate members
• Regulatory agencies
79
Network Standardization

• Who’s Who in telecommunications

• Who’s Who in international standards
• Who’s Who in internet standards

80
Who’s Who in International Standards
(1)

(WiFi
)

The 802 working groups. The important ones are

marked with *. The ones marked with  are hibernating.
The one marked with
† gave up and disbanded itself. 81
 Metric Units

The principal metric

prefixes.
82
 History of
Networking
◆ 1969: ARPANET
◆ 1970’s: ALOHA, Ethernet, DECNet, SNA
◆ 1980’s: Proliferation of LAN (Ethernet, Token Ring)
◆ 1987: High speed LAN/MAN (FDDI), BISDN (ATM)
◆ 1990: High speed WAN (NSFNET, 45 Mbps)
◆ 1993: High speed Ethernet (Fast Ethernet, EtherSwitch)
◆ 1996: Interent II (622Mbps)
◆ 1998: Gigabit Ethernet

83
 History of Taiwan’s Network
◆ TANET
➭ 1991/12: 64Kbps
➭ 1992/12: 256Kbps
➭ 1994/10: 512Kbps
➭ 1995/12: T1
➭ 1997/5: T3
➭ Current Status:
● T3 to USA by the end of 1998 (Policy routing enforced)
● T3 backbone around the island
● Add a T3 from MOE to CCU
● Internet II (1999/6)

◆ HiNet (1994), SeedNet( 數位聯合股份公司 )

84