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CHM 101 Week 2

The document covers fundamental concepts in General Chemistry I, including Dalton's Atomic Theory, the structure of the atom, and various atomic models such as Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's models. It discusses quantum numbers, their significance in describing electron behavior, and principles like Pauli's Exclusion Principle, Aufbau's Principle, and Hund's Rule for electron configuration. Additionally, it outlines the limitations of Bohr's theory and provides practice questions related to quantum numbers.

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8 views18 pages

CHM 101 Week 2

The document covers fundamental concepts in General Chemistry I, including Dalton's Atomic Theory, the structure of the atom, and various atomic models such as Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's models. It discusses quantum numbers, their significance in describing electron behavior, and principles like Pauli's Exclusion Principle, Aufbau's Principle, and Hund's Rule for electron configuration. Additionally, it outlines the limitations of Bohr's theory and provides practice questions related to quantum numbers.

Uploaded by

shammah
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHM 101

General Chemistry I

Mr. Tosin Adebusuyi

WEEK TWO
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are indivisible and
indestructible. Elements are composed of identical atoms, but the atoms of
each element are different and distinguishable from each other.

2. A compound is composed of atoms from at least two elements. The atoms


of these elements are present in the compound in simple whole number
ratios, i.e., 2 hydrogen atoms for every 1 oxygen atom in water.

3. Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms in the reacting


substances to produce new substances. During this rearrangement, atoms are
neither created nor destroyed; they are redistributed.

• Dalton proposed his theory in the early 1800’s, and since then the first
postulate has been slightly modified. (Write short note on these
modifications)
Structure of the atom
• Thomson’s model

He proposed a model consisting of a mass of positive charged material


with individual electrons stuck into it. This model is called the “plum
pudding” model.
Rutherford’s model
He proposed the nuclear model of the atom. He proposed that an atom
contains a relatively small central nucleus containing all of the protons
and neutrons. Surrounding the nucleus are the electrons.
Modern Atomic Model
• Bohr’s model or Planetary model
He explained the absorption or emission of light of specific wavelengths by the movement of electrons between energy levels.
He explains that when an electron in the n = 1 energy level absorbs a quantum of light having exactly the right amount of
energy, the electron jumps from n = 1 to n = 2 level. The electron could also absorb a different quantum of light, allowing it to
jump from n = 1 to n = 3, or from n = 1 to n = 4.

Only those having the proper amount of energy, allowing the electron to move from one level to
another can be absorbed. The energy is given by Planck’s equation, E = hf
The wavelength of light is related to the frequency by the equation c = fλ
Therefore, E = hc/λ. E = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
Limitations of Bohr’s theory
• It does not explain the spectra of atoms having more than one electron.

• It failed to account for the effect of magnetic field or electric field on


the spectra of atoms or ions.

• Bohr treated the electron only as a particle, while De Broglie suggested


that electron like light have a dual character: particle and wave
properties.

• According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, it is impossible to


determine simultaneously the exact position and momentum of a small
moving particle like electron. However, Bohr postulated that electrons
revolve in well-defined orbits around the nucleus with well-defined
velocity.
QUANTUM NUMBER
• Quantum numbers are set of numbers that specify the wave function
that gives the probability if finding the electron at various points in
space.

• According to quantum mechanics, each electron in an atom is


described by four different quantum numbers.

• Atomic orbital is a region of space where there is high probability of


finding electron and is pictured as having a definite shape.
The allowed values and general meaning of each of the four quantum
numbers are as follows:
1. Principle Quantum Number (n): This quantum number is the one on
which the energy of an electron in an atom depends; it can have a
positive value 1,2,3,4,.. Known as “n”. Orbitals of the same quantum
state n are said to belong to the same shell.
i.e. Letter K L M N
n 1 2 3 4

2. Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l): Also known as Azimuthal


Quantum Number, is the quantum number that distinguishes orbitals
of a given n having different shapes; it can have any integer value from
0 to n-1. For example, if an electron has a principle quantum number
of 3, the possible values for l are 0, 1 & 2.
Orbitals of the same n, but different l are said to belong to different
subshells of a given shell.
Different subshell are usually denoted by:

Letter (subshell) s p d f g…
l 0 1 2 3 4…

3. Magnetic Quantum Number (Ml): This distinguishes orbitals of a given


n and l (i.e. of a given energy and shape) but having a different
orientation in space; the allowed values are the integers from +l to –l. For
l=0 (s subshell), Ml = -1, 0 & +1, there are 3 different orbitals in the p
subshell.
4. Spin Quantum Number (Ms): this refers to the two possible orientation
of the spin axis of an electron; possible values are +½ and -½.

Permissible Values of Quantum Number for Atomic Orbitals


n l Ml Subshell No of orbitals in the
Notation subshell
1 0 0 1s 1
2 0 0 2s 1
2 1 -1, 0, -1 2p 3
3 0 0 3s 1
3 1 -1, 0, -1 3p 3
3 2 -2, -1, 0, -1, +2 3d 5
4 0 0 4s 1
4 1 -1, 0, -1 4p 3
4 2 -2, -1, 0, -1, +2 4d 5
4 3 -3, -2, -1, 0, -1, +2, +3 4f 7
Practice Questions
State whether each of the following sets of quantum numbers is
permisible and if not state the reason
a. n=1; l=1; Ml=0; Ms= +½.
b. n=3; l=1; Ml=-2; Ms= -½.
c. n=2; l=1; Ml=0; Ms= +½.
d. n=2; l=0; Ml=0; Ms= 1.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
• This principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same
four quantum numbers.

• For example, if one electron in an atom has the quantum number n=1; l=0;
Ml=0 & Ms= +½. No other electron can have the same quantum number.

• The Pauli exclusion principle can be restated as; an orbital can hold at ,
most 2 electrons, and then only if the electrons have opposite spins.

• Each subshell holds maximum of twice as many electrons as the no of


orbitals in the subshell.
• Thus a 2p subshell, which has 3 orbitals (with mI = -1, 0, +1), can hold
a maximum of 6 electron.

Subshell No of Orbitals Maximum Number of


Electron

s (l=0) 1 2

p (l=1) 3 6

d (l=2) 5 10

f (l=3) 7 12
Aufbau’s Principle (Building-Up Principle)
• This is a scheme used to reproduce the electron configurations of the
ground state of atom by successfully filling subshells with electron in a
specific order (the building-Up order).

• Following this principle, you obtain the electron configuration of an


atom by successfully filling subshell in the following order:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f…
Hund’s Rule
• This rule states that the lowest-energy arrangement of electrons in a
subshell is obtained by putting electrons into separate orbitals of the
subshell with the same spin before pairing electrons.

• For example, in carbon atom, whose ground state configuration is


1s2, 2s2, 2p2 , the first 4 electrons go into the 1s & 2s orbitals
• For other elements like N, O, F and Ne
Electronic Configuration of Atoms
• Shell notation (K,L,M,N,… configuration)

• Orbital notation (s,p,d,f… configuration)

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