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Biology 8-Lecture 5-1 Energy Storage Molecules

The document discusses energy storage molecules, focusing on ATP and NADH, and their roles in energy conversion pathways like photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It explains the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs, the energy content of glucose versus ATP, and the processes of hydrolysis and phosphorylation in ATP usage. Additionally, it highlights the importance of ATP in cellular work and the function of NADH as an energy carrier in cellular respiration.

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7 views

Biology 8-Lecture 5-1 Energy Storage Molecules

The document discusses energy storage molecules, focusing on ATP and NADH, and their roles in energy conversion pathways like photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It explains the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs, the energy content of glucose versus ATP, and the processes of hydrolysis and phosphorylation in ATP usage. Additionally, it highlights the importance of ATP in cellular work and the function of NADH as an energy carrier in cellular respiration.

Uploaded by

legendaryrobloxjailbreak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Energy

Storage
Molecules
ATP and NADH
Energy Conversion Pathways
 Photosynthesis
 Converts light energy into chemical
energy stored in carbohydrates
 Performed by autotrophs
 Cellular Respiration
 Converts the energy stored in
carbohydrates into energy stored in ATP
 Performed by autotrophs and
heterotrophs
Energy Conversion in Organisms
Autotroph-Organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph-Organisms that obtain energy from food they


consume

Food=carbohydrates

CHO ratio=1:2:1
Insert Picture of Glucose
Energy Storage

Autotrophs perform a process called carbon fixation


• Converting gaseous carbon in CO2 into solid carbon that can be
used for energy
Occurs during photosynthesis
Energy Storage Molecules

Energy
Fats
Amount of storage
energy molecule
Carbohydrates
stored per most
molecule readily
ATP
used by
the cell
Glucose versus ATP
Glucose
Energy storage carbohydrate
Contains approximately 686 kcal of energy
One molecule contains too much energy for cellular processes

ATP
Energy storage molecule
Contains approximately 7.3 kcal of energy

Glucose is like having gold—might be worth more BUT most


stores wouldn’t accept it…

ATP is like having cash; it is cellular energy molecule that


contains less energy than glucose but it can be used for most
cellular activities
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
RNA nucleotide
Produced in cellular respiration
ATP Structure
ATP consists of:
 adenine
 ribose (a 5-carbon sugar)
 3 phosphate groups

Insert Picture of ATP


Structure
ATP
Energy is stored in its bonds.

Hydrolysis: The removal of a phosphate group from ATP


Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate

A P P P + Water  A P P + Pi

+ ENERGY
Energy is released in this reaction.

Cells use this energy to perform functions like active


transport across cell membranes.
ATP
Phosphorylation: The addition of a phosphate
group to ADP
Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine triphosphate

A P P + Pi  A P P P + Water

+ ENERGY

Energy is stored in this reaction.

Cells store this energy to be used to fuel future


cellular processes.
Insert Structure of ATP
showing Negatively Charged
Oxygens and High Energy
Bond

• Covalent bonds

• Each of these oxygens has a negative charge


• Repel each other
• Repel the electron participating in this bond
• Electron is in a high energy state

• During hydrolysis, released energy comes from the electron


being able to go to a lower energy state.
Using Biological Energy
• ATP is a ready energy source, but not good for long term
storage of energy.

• The production of ATP conserves 34% of the energy from


glucose.
• Approximately 66% of the energy stored in glucose is released as
heat.

• ATP molecules store less energy than glucose, but it is a


more readily used energy

• Most cells have only a small amount of ATP at any given


time.

• Cells continually make ATP from ADP as needed by using the


energy in foods like glucose.
ATP Cycle

Insert Picture of the ATP


Cycle
ATP Usage Example
 A working muscle cell recycles its entire pool of ATP in less
than 1 minute.
 10 million molecules of ATP consumed and regenerated per
second per cell
What ATP is Used For…
 Three types of cellular work:
 Chemical Work
 Metabolism – The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
 Catabolism – Chemical reactions that break down molecules
 Digestion
 Hydrolysis reactions
 Cellular Respiration
 Anabolism – Chemical reactions that build complicated molecules from
simpler ones
 Polymerization
 Dehydration reactions
 Photosynthesis
 Cell Transport
 Example: Ion pumps
 Mechanical Work
 Movement
Energy Reminder…
 There are multiple types of energy.
 We are concerned with light energy, chemical energy
and heat energy.
 The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can
be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created
or destroyed
 Principle of conservation of energy
 Example: Mitochondria convert energy; they do NOT produce
energy
NAD+ / NADH
 Anotherenergy storage molecule is NADH.
 NAD+ can pick up two high energy electrons
 NAD+ + 2e- + H+  NADH
 NADH can drop off these electrons and go back
to being NAD+
 Acts like a rechargeable battery:
 NAD+ = empty battery ready to receive 2 high
energy electrons in cellular respiration
 NADH = full battery carrying 2 high energy
electrons to the electron transport chain
NAD+ / NADH

Insert Picture NAD+ and


NADH here
(Students are not
responsible for the structure
of NAD+ or NADH)

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