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C03 P14 Modes of Disease Transmission-1

The document discusses modes of disease transmission, categorizing diseases into communicable and non-communicable types. It outlines the chain of infection, including reservoirs, modes of transmission (direct and indirect), and specific examples of diseases associated with each mode. Key transmission methods include direct contact, droplet infection, vehicle-borne, vector-borne, air-borne, and fomite-borne transmission.

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Dr. Shraddha patil
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6 views32 pages

C03 P14 Modes of Disease Transmission-1

The document discusses modes of disease transmission, categorizing diseases into communicable and non-communicable types. It outlines the chain of infection, including reservoirs, modes of transmission (direct and indirect), and specific examples of diseases associated with each mode. Key transmission methods include direct contact, droplet infection, vehicle-borne, vector-borne, air-borne, and fomite-borne transmission.

Uploaded by

Dr. Shraddha patil
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Modes of disease transmission

T.DAISY PRABHU HADASSAH


142 BATCH
Disease……
a condition in which body health is impaired, a
departure from a state of health, an alteration of
human body interrupting the performance of vital
functions.

 Communicable / non-communicable
Communicable disease
 An illness due to a specific infectious agent
or its toxic products and is capable of
being directly or indirectly transmitted from
man to man , animal to animal , or from
environment to man or animal.

 e.g.,: AIDS ,Hepatitis B


Non-communicable disease
 An impairment of bodily structure and / or
function that necessitates a modification of
the person’s normal life.

 Do not get transmitted from one to the


other.

 e.g.,: hypertension , road traffic accidents


Modes of transmission of a
communicable disease

 The road taken by the


causative agent to reach
the susceptible host from
its reservoir or source.
Chain of Infection

Reservoir Modes of Susceptible


Or source transmission host
 Source…..

a person , animal , object or


substance from which an infectious agent
passes or is disseminated to host.

 Reservoir….

the natural habitat in which the


organism metabolizes and replicates.
 Mode depends upon

1. Infectious agent
2. Portal of entry
3. Local ecological conditions

 Rule …
one disease ……… one route
e.g., filariasis by culex mosquito

 Break the rules


e.g., AIDS , salmonellosis
Classification
 Direct transmission  Indirect transmission
1. Direct contact 1. Vehicle- borne
2. Droplet infection 2. Vector-borne
3. Contact with soil 3. Air-borne
4. Inoculation into skin or 4. Fomite - borne
mucosa 5. Unclean hands and
5. Transplacental fingers
transmission
Direct transmission
Direct contact
skin to skin
mucosa to mucosa
mucosa to skin
 Direct and essentially

immediate transfer
 No intermediate agency
 Reduces the period for which the
organism will have to survive
outside the human host
 Ensures larger dose of infection.
 E.g., STD, AIDS, leprosy

leptospirosis ,skin &eye infections .


Droplet infection
 Direct projection of spray of
droplets of saliva and
nasopharyngeal secretions.
 Direct impingement upon

conjunctiva , skin or inhalation


onto the oro - respiratory
mucosa.
 Limited to a distance of

30-60 cm between source


and host.
 Potentiality increases
with
1. Close proximity
2. Over crowding
3. Lack of ventilation
 E.g., respiratory
infections , eruptive
fevers like measles ,
diphtheria , tuberculosis ,
meningococcal
meningitis.
Contact with soil
direct exposure to
contaminated soil or soil
with saprophytic
organisms.

e.g., hookworm larvae ,


tetanus , mycosis.
 Inoculation into skin or mucosa

Hepatitis B through contaminated rabies virus


needles and syringes by dog-bite
Transplacental transmission
From the mother to the child
e.g., TORCH agents , varicella ,
Syphilis ,hepatitis B, Coxsackie B
AIDS

Non-living agents like thalidomide,


diethylstilbestrol cause embryonic
malformations.
Indirect transmission
 Requires an intermediate agent or an in-animate
object.
5F ‘s :,food , flies , fingers , fomites ,fluid
Additional requirement : capability to survive
outside the host in the external environment and
retain its basic properties of pathogenesis &
virulence till it finds a new host.
Depends upon
1. Characteristics of the agent
2. Inanimate object
3. Influence of environmental factors
Vehicle-borne

Intermediate agent: water , food , ice , blood , serum,


plasma or other biological products such as tissues
& organs.
Organisms may multiply
(Staph. aureus in food ) or
develop or just get passively
transmitted (Hepatitis A virus
in water)
 Through water and food: infections of alimentary
tract

 Through blood :Hepatitis B , malaria , syphilis ,


brucellosis ,trypanosomiasis , infectious
mononucleosis , cytomegalovirus infection

 Organ transplantation: CMV infection through


kidney transplants
Epidemiological features:
 Heavy dose of contamination out break of
disease.
 Initial confinement to the exposed to contaminated
vehicle.
 Primary case may be obscured by the time
secondary cases appear.
 Not always possible to isolate the infectious agent
from incriminated vehicle.
 Epidemic subsides on control or withdrawal of
vehicle.
 Great distances may be travelled by the infectious
agents.
 Common source is often traceable.
Vector-borne

Vector….an arthropod or any living carrier that


transports an infectious agent to a susceptible
individual.

cyclops bat mice


Epidemiological classification:
BY VECTOR :-
a) Invertebrate type :
1)Diptera – flies & mosquitoes
2)Siphonaptera – fleas
3)Orthoptera – cockroaches
4)Anoplura –sucking lice
5)Hemiptera –bugs
6)Acarina – ticks &mites
7)Copepoda – cyclops
b) Vertebrate type :
mice , rodents , bats
 BY TRANSMISSION CHAIN :-
a) man & a non-vertebrate host
1) man – arthropod – man (malaria)
2) man – snail –man (schistomiasis)
b) man , another vertebrate host &
a non-vertebrate host
1) mammal – arthropod – man (plague)
2) bird – arthropod – man (encephalitis)
c) man & 2 intermediate hosts
1) man – cyclops-fish-man (fish tapeworm)
2) man – snail – crab – man (paragonimiasis)
 BY
METHODS IN WHICH VECTORS
TRANSMIT AGENT :-
a) biting
b) regurgitation
c) scratching-in of faeces
d) contamination of host with body fluids of vectors.
 BYMETHODS IN WHICH VECTORS ARE
INVOLVED IN TRANSMISSION &
PROPAGATION OF PARASITES :-
a) mechanical
b) biological
 Mechanical transmission
soiling of feet or proboscis or by passage of
organism through its GIT and passively excreted
e.g., houseflies typhoid
Biological transmission
replication or development or both may
take place
a) Propagative :
e.g., plague bacilli in rat fleas

b) Cyclo-propagative :
e.g., malaria parasites in mosquito

c) Cyclo-developmental :
e.g., microfilaria in mosquito
Influential factors :
 Host feeding preferences
 Infectivity
 Susceptibility
 Survival rate of vectors
 Domesticity
 Suitable environmental factors.
 Air-borne
1) droplet nuclei
tiny particles that represent the dried residue of
droplets.
e.g., tuberculosis , influenza ,
chickenpox , measles , Q fever
2)dust
settling down of larger droplets
may become air-borne
Nosocomial infection
e.g., pneumonia tuberculosis ,
psittacosis
 Fomite-borne

Fomite….
inanimate objects or substances other than water or
food contaminated by the infectious discharges from
a patient and capable of harboring &transferring the
infectious agent to a healthy person.
e.g., diphtheria , typhoid , bacillary dysentery
 Unclean hands and fingers
 Imply lack of personal hygiene
 1984 dysentery epidemic in India

e.g., intestinal parasites , typhoid , dysentery.

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