Object Oriented Programming with Java

(Subject Code: BCS-403)

Unit 1
Lecture 5
 Lecture 5
• Arrays
• Strings
 Java Array
• Array is a collection of similar type of elements
that have contiguous memory location.
• Java array is an object that contains elements
of similar data type.
• It is a data structure where we store similar
elements.
• We can store only fixed set of elements in a
java array.
• Array in java is index based, first element of
the array is stored at 0 index.
Advantage of Java Array
• Code Optimization: It makes the code
optimized, we can retrieve or sort the data
easily.
• Random access: We can get any data located
at any index position.
Disadvantage of Java Array
• Size Limit: We can store only fixed size of
elements in the array. It doesn't grow its size
at runtime. To solve this problem, collection
framework is used in java.
 Types of Array in java
There are two types of array.
• Single Dimensional Array
• Multidimensional Array
 Single Dimensional Array in java
Syntax to Declare an Array in java
dataType[] arr; (or)
dataType []arr; (or)
dataType arr[];
Instantiation of an Array in java
Array RefVar=new datatype[size];
Example
int a[]=new int[5];
 Example of single dimensional java array
class Testarray{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]=new int[5];
a[0]=10;
a[1]=20;
a[2]=70;
a[3]=40;
a[4]=50;
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
System.out.println(a[i]);
}}
Declaration, Instantiation and Initialization
of Java Array
We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java array
together by:
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
class Testarray1{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//
declaration, instantiation and initialization
//printing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}}
 Final arrays in Java
class Test
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
final int b[] = {10, 20, 30, 40}; // Note: b is final
int c[] = {22, 23, 33, 43};
a=c;
b=c;// Compile time error
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
{
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
}
The array arr is declared as final, but the
elements of array are changed without any
problem.
Arrays are objects and object variables are
always references in Java.
So, when we declare an object variable as final,
it means that the variable cannot be changed
to refer to anything else.
 Passing Array to method in java
class Testarray2{
static void min(int arr[])
{
int min=arr[0];
for(int i=1;i<arr.length;i++)
if(min>arr[i])
min=arr[i];
System.out.println(min);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]={33,3,4,5};
min(a);//passing array to method
}}
 Multidimensional array in java
In such case, data is stored in row and column
based index (also known as matrix form).
Syntax to Declare Multidimensional Array in java.
• dataType[][] arrayRefVar; (or)
• dataType [][]arrayRefVar; (or)
• dataType arrayRefVar[][]; (or)
• dataType []arrayRefVar[];
Example to instantiate Multidimensional Array in java
int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column
Example to initialize Multidimensional Array in java
arr[0][0]=1;
arr[0][1]=2;
arr[0][2]=3;
arr[1][0]=4;
arr[1][1]=5;
arr[1][2]=6;
arr[2][0]=7;
arr[2][1]=8;
arr[2][2]=9;
 Example of Multidimensional java array
class Testarray3{
public static void main(String args[]){
//declaring and initializing 2D array
int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
//printing 2D array
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
System.out.print(arr[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}}
class Testarray5{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
int b[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
int c[][]=new int[2][3];
for(int i=0;i<2;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
System.out.print(c[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();//new line
}
}}
 Example of Multidimensional java array
class Testarray3{
public static void main(String args[]){
//declaring and initializing 2D array
int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
//printing 2D array
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
System.out.print(arr[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}}
class Testarray5{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
int b[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
int c[][]=new int[2][3];
for(int i=0;i<2;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
System.out.print(c[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();//new line
}
}}
 Jagged Array in Java
Jagged array is array of arrays such that
member arrays can be of different sizes,
i.e., we can create a 2-D arrays but with
variable number of columns in each row.
These type of arrays are also known as
Jagged arrays.
Example:
int a[][]=new int[2][];
a[0]=new int[4];
a[1]=new int[3];
class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int arr[][] = new int[2][];
arr[0] = new int[3];
arr[1] = new int[2];
int count = 0;
for (int i=0; i<arr.length; i++)
for(int j=0; j<arr[i].length; j++)
arr[i][j] = count++;
System.out.println("Contents of 2D Jagged Array");
for (int i=0; i<arr.length; i++)
{
for (int j=0; j<arr[i].length; j++)
System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}}
 Java String
• In java, string is basically an object that represents
sequence of char values.
• Java String provides a lot of concepts that can be
performed on a string such as compare, concat,
equals, split, length, replace, compareTo, intern,
substring etc.
• An array of characters works same as java string.
For example:
char[] ch={'j','a','v','a'};
String s=new String(ch);
is same as:
• The java.lang.String class
implements Serializable, Comparable and CharSeque
nce interfaces.
• The java String is immutable i.e. it cannot be changed
but a new instance is created.
• For mutable class, you can use StringBuffer and
StringBuilder class.
There are two ways to create String object:
• By string literal
• By new keyword
 Immutable String in Java
• In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply
means unmodifiable or unchangeable.
• Once string object is created its data or state can't be changed
but a new string object is created.
class Testimmutablestring{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin";
s.concat(" Tendulkar");//
concat() method appends the string at the end
System.out.println(s);//
will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
}
}
 1) String compare by equals() method
• The String equals() method compares the original content of the string. It compares values
of string for equality. String class provides two methods:
• public boolean equals(Object another) compares this string to the
specified object.
• public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String another) compares this
String to another string, ignoring case.

class Teststringcomparison1{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="Sachin";
String s3=new String("Sachin");
String s4="Saurav";
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//true
System.out.println(s1.equals(s3));//true
System.out.println(s1.equals(s4));//false
}}
Output: true true false
class Teststringcomparison2{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="SACHIN";

System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//false
System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2));//true
}
}

Output: false true

 2) String compare by == operator
The = = operator compares references not values.
class Teststringcomparison3{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="Sachin";
String s3=new String("Sachin");
System.out.println(s1==s2);//true
(because both refer to same instance)
System.out.println(s1==s3);
//false(because s3 refers to instance created in non pool)
}
}
 3) String compare by compareTo() method
The String compareTo() method compares values lexicographically and returns an
integer value that describes if first string is less than, equal to or greater than
second string.
Suppose s1 and s2 are two string variables. If:
s1 == s2 :0
s1 > s2 :positive value
s1 < s2 :negative value
class Teststringcomparison4{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="Sachin";
String s3="Ratan";
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s2));//0
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s3));//1(because s1>s3)
System.out.println(s3.compareTo(s1));//-1(because s3 < s1 )
}}
Output:0 1 -1
 String Concatenation in Java
In java, string concatenation forms a new string that is the
combination of multiple strings.
There are two ways to concat string in java:
By + (string concatenation) operator
By concat() method
1) String Concatenation by + (string concatenation) operator
Java string concatenation operator (+) is used to add strings. For
Example:
class TestStringConcatenation1{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin"+" Tendulkar";
System.out.println(s);//Sachin Tendulkar
}}
Output:Sachin Tendulkar
 Java String split
public class SplitExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java string split method by lopa";
String[] words=s1.split(“ ");//splits the string based on whitespace
for(String w:words){
System.out.println(w);
}
}}
 Java String endsWith
public class EndsWithExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java by abes";
System.out.println(s1.endsWith(“s"));
System.out.println(s1.endsWith(“abes"));
}}
Output:
true true
 substring() method
public class SubstringExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="javaString";
System.out.println(s1.substring(2,4));//returns va
System.out.println(s1.substring(2));//returns vaString
}}
 Java String join() method example
public class StringJoinExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String joinString1=String.join("-","welcome","to"
,“gcet");
System.out.println(joinString1);
}}
welcome-to-gcet
Method Description
char charAt(int index) returns char value for the particular index
int length() returns string length
String substring(int beginIndex) returns substring for given begin index
String substring(int beginIndex, int returns substring for given begin index
endIndex) and end index
boolean contains(CharSequence s) returns true or false after matching the
sequence of char value
boolean equals(Object another) checks the equality of string with object
boolean isEmpty() checks if string is empty
String concat(String str) concatinates specified string
String replace(char old, char new) replaces all occurrences of specified char
value
String replace(CharSequence old, replaces all occurrences of specified
CharSequence new) CharSequence
String trim() returns trimmed string omitting leading
and trailing spaces
String toUpperCase() returns string in uppercase.
String toUpperCase(Locale l) returns string in uppercase using specified
locale.
int indexOf(int ch) returns specified char value index
int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) returns specified char value index starting
with given index