Intro to Research
Intro to Research
to
Re s e a r c h
P R O F. R O W E N A A . B A L O Y O , P h D
• What is Research?
Research?
Contents
• What research is not?
• Ty p e s o f R e s e a r c h M e t h o d o l o g y
• Qua ntita t iv e Re se a rc h De signs
s u i t a b l e m e t h o d o l o g i e s s e t b y s p e c i fi c p ro f e s s i o n a l fi e l d s a n d a c a d e m i c d i s c i p l i n e s .
• Pose a question
Generation of knowledge
The main purpose of the research is to develop new knowledge or refine existing KNOWLEDGE
Problem-solving
Accuracy
1. Relevance. Should address a priority problem & and have implications for
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Mixed Methods Research
Types of Research Methodology
Descriptive Research
Correlational Research
Causal-Comparative Research
Experimental Research
Descriptive Research- use to describe the characteristics of a population or
phenomenon
comparing groups.
Manufacturing Firms
Experimental Research
• is guided by a specific hypothesis & and involves the manipulation of variables to observe the
effect. (Ex. The Impact of A Four Day Workweek on Employee Productivity and Well
Phenomenological Research
Ethnographic Research
Narrative Research
Action Research
Qualitative research encompasses various approaches and methods to gather in-
include:
• Ethnographic Research. This method is used to study the culture and behavior of a
• Grounded Theory Research. This method is used to develop a theory based on the
• Case Study Research- this method is used to study a particular case or situation in
depth. (Ex. How did LEGO company Faced Near Bankrupcy During COVID)
individuals. (Ex.
• -SOP: To understand the lived experiences of resilience among adults who were bullied as
children”)
• Focus Group. Is used to gather data from a group of people who share similar
Key
Elements
of
Research Problem: Clearly states the central
issue to be addressed.
Research Questions: Specific questions the
study aims to answer.
Study Limitations: Acknowledges constraints or
biases that might affect the research.
Target Population: Defines the group of
individuals or entities to be studied.
Timeframe: Specifies the duration of the study.
Geographical Boundaries: Indicates the
geographical location(s) involved.
Common
Errors in
Selecting a
1. Population Specification Errors:
These occur when the researcher is UNCLEAR about who should be surveyed or
included in the study. For example, in a study about consumer behavior, focusing
only on housewives might miss the influence of other family members on
purchasing decisions.
2. Sampling and Sample Frame Errors:
These errors happen when the WRONG SUBPOPULATION is used to select a
sample, leading to a sample that does not represent the population of interest.
3. Selection Errors:
These occur when the sample is selected using non-probability methods,
leading to biased results. For instance, if only those interested in a topic
participate in a study, the findings may not reflect the broader population's views.
4. Overly Broad Problem Specification:
When the problem is too broadly defined, it can be difficult to focus the
research and may lead to a lack of clear objectives or outcomes.