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Math23_L3 Vector Operations. ppt

The document outlines a lesson plan for a multivariable calculus course focusing on vector algebra, specifically the dot product, cross product, and scalar triple product. It includes objectives for students, definitions, properties, and exercises related to these concepts. Additionally, it provides geometric interpretations and applications of the scalar triple product in calculating volumes of parallelepipeds.

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David Narboneta
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Math23_L3 Vector Operations. ppt

The document outlines a lesson plan for a multivariable calculus course focusing on vector algebra, specifically the dot product, cross product, and scalar triple product. It includes objectives for students, definitions, properties, and exercises related to these concepts. Additionally, it provides geometric interpretations and applications of the scalar triple product in calculating volumes of parallelepipeds.

Uploaded by

David Narboneta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VECTOR ALGEBRA

MATH23
MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS
Week 2 Day 2
GENERAL
OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson the students are


expected to:
Perform dot product and cross product
Apply the concepts of dot product to get the
angle between two vectors
Apply cross products in various applications
Evaluate scalar triple product
THE DOT (SCALAR) PRODUCT
PROPERTIES OF DOT PRODUCT
THE DOT (SCALAR) PRODUCT
Direction Angles

In an xy-coordinate system, the direction of a


nonzero vector v is determined by the angles α and β
between v and the unit vectors i and j, and in an xyz-
coordinate system, the direction is determined by the
angles α, β, and γ between v and the unit vectors i, j,
and k. In both 2- space and 3-space, the angles between
a nonzero vector v and the vectors i , j, and k are called
the direction angles of v, and the cosines of those
angles are called the direction cosines of v.
THE DOT (SCALAR) PRODUCT

Direction Angles

Using angle between two vectors, ,,and


 are obtained as follows:

vi v1
cos   ,  cos-1

v v
 v1 , v2 , v3    1,0,0 

v
v1

v
THE DOT (SCALAR) PRODUCT

v j v2
cos   ,  cos-1
v v
 v1 , v2 , v3    0,1,0 

v
v2

v

v k v3
cos   ,  cos-1

v v
 v1 , v2 , v3    0,0,1 

v
v3

v
DEFINITION OF PROJECTION AND VECTOR
COMPONENTS
P1. A force is given by a vector F=3i+4j+5k and
moves a particle from the point P(2,1,0) and
Q(4,6,2). Find the work done.

P2. A constant force with vector representation


F=10i +18j -6k moves an object along a
straight line from the point (2,3,0) to the
point (4,9,15). Find the work done if the
distance is measured in meters and the
magnitude of the force measured in newtons.
EXERCISES
1. Find r so that the vector from the point
A (1, -1, 3) to the point B (3, 0, 5) is
orthogonal to the vector from A to the
point P (r, r, r).

2.. Find the direction cosines and


direction angles of a) v = 3i – 2j – 6. b) v
= 3i – 4k.
THE CROSS PRODUCT
THE CROSS (VECTOR) PRODUCT
Algebraic Properties of the Cross Product
Theorem: If u, v, and w are any vectors in 3-
space and k is any scalar, then:
a) u x v = - (v x u)
b) u x (v + w) = (u x v) + (u x w)
c) (u + v) x w = ( u x w) + (v x w)
d) k(u x v) = (ku) x v = u x (kv)
e) u x 0 = 0 x u = 0
f) u x u = 0
Geometric Properties of the Cross
Product
Theorem:

1. If u and v are vectors in 3-space, then:


a) u. (u x v) = 0 (u x v is orthogonal to u)
b) v. (u x v) = 0 (u x v is orthogonal to v)
2. Let u and v be nonzero vectors in 3-space, and let θ be
the angle between these vectors when they are
positioned so their initial points coincide.
a) ǁu x vǁ = ǁuǁ ǁvǁ sinθ
b) The area A of a parallelogram that has u and v as
adjacent sides is
A=ǁuxvǁ
c) u x v = 0 if and only if u and v are parallel vectors, that
is, if and only if they are scalar multiples of one
another.
Class Work:
1. Find u x v and check that it is orthogonal to both
u = 3i +2j - k and v = - 1i – 3j + k.
2. Let u = <2, -1, 3>, v =<0, 1, 7> and w = <1, 4,
5>. Find
a) u x ( v x w) b) (u x v) x (v x w)
3. Find two unit vectors that are orthogonal to both
u = -7i + 3j + k, v = 2i + 4k.

4. Find the area of the parallelogram that has u = 2i


+ 3j and v = -i + 2j – 2k as adjacent sides.

5. Find the area of the triangle with vertices P(2, 0,


-3), Q(1, 4, 5), R(7, 2, 9).
THE SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCTS

• The scalar triple product is defined as


the dot product of one of the vectors
with the cross product to the third
vector.

Geometric interpretation
• Geometrically, the scalar triple product
is the (signed) volume of the
parallelepiped defined by the three
vectors given.
PROPERTIES OF SCALAR TRIPLE
PRODUCT
• The scalar triple product can be evaluated
numerically using any one of the following
equivalent equations:

• Switching the two vectors in the cross product


negates the triple product,

• The parentheses may be omitted without


causing ambiguity, since the dot product cannot
be evaluated first. If it were, it would leave the
cross product of a scalar and a vector, which is
not defined.
PROPERTIES OF SCALAR TRIPLE
PRODUCT
 The scalar triple product can also be understood as the
determinant of the 3 × 3 matrix having the three vectors
as its rows or columns (the determinant of a transposed
matrix is the same as the original); this quantity is
invariant under coordinate rotation.

 Note that if the scalar triple product is equal to zero,


then the three vectors a, b, and c are coplanar, since the
"parallelepiped" defined by them would be flat and have
no volume
24 . Find u . (v x w) where u = i, v = i +
j, w = i + j + k.

26. Find the volume of the


parallelepiped that has
u = 3i + j + 2k, v = 4i + 5j + k and, w =
i + 2j + 4k as adjacent sides.

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