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N1-2

The document outlines the fundamentals of electric power systems, including the basic concepts of electric power, components of power systems, and the processes of generation, transmission, and distribution. It details the roles of various elements such as transformers, circuit breakers, and distribution systems in delivering electricity to consumers. The importance of alternating current (AC) for efficient long-distance power transmission is emphasized, along with the structure and function of power networks.

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Ömər Zülfüqarov
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7 views17 pages

N1-2

The document outlines the fundamentals of electric power systems, including the basic concepts of electric power, components of power systems, and the processes of generation, transmission, and distribution. It details the roles of various elements such as transformers, circuit breakers, and distribution systems in delivering electricity to consumers. The importance of alternating current (AC) for efficient long-distance power transmission is emphasized, along with the structure and function of power networks.

Uploaded by

Ömər Zülfüqarov
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

FUNDAMENTALS OF INDUSTRY

TECHNOLOGY

GROUP: 510.22 E
LECTURER: PHD. J.A. IBRAHIMOV
LECTURE 1-2

Basic electric power.


Structure оf power system.
Components оf power system.
Elements оf power system.
Generation, transmission and distribution оf
power system.
Basic idea оf transmission and distribution.
BASIC ELECTRIC POWER

Electric power is the product о two quantities: current and voltage. These
two quantities can vary with respect to time (AC power) or can be kept at
constant levels (DC power).

AC power has the advantage о being easy to transform between voltages and
is able to be generated and utilised by brushless machinery.
The ability to easily transform the voltage о AC power is important for
two reasons:

Firstly, power can be transmitted over long distances with less loss at higher voltages. So in
power systems where generation is distant from the load, it is desirable to step-up
(increase) the voltage оf power at the generation point and then step-down (decrease) the
voltage near the load. Secondly, it is often more economical to install turbines that
produce higher voltages than would be used by most appliances.
ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM
POWER TRANSFORMERS

Power transformers are used


generation and transmission
network for stepping-up the
voltage at generating station and
stepping-down the voltage for
distribution. Auxiliary transformers
supply power to auxiliary
equipments at the substations.
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (CT)

The lines in substations carry


currents in the order о thousands о
amperes. The measuring instruments
are designed for low value о currents.
Current transformers are connected in
lines to supply measuring instruments
and protective relays.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS (PT)

The lines in substations operate at high


voltages. The measuring instruments are
designed for low value о voltages. Potential
transformers are connected in lines to supply
measuring instruments and protective relays.
These transformers make the low voltage
instruments suitable for measurement о
high voltages. For example a 11kV/110V PT is c
onnected to a power line and the line voltage i
s 11kV then the secondary voltage will be
110V.
CIRCUIT BREAKER (CB)

Circuit breakers are used for op


ening or closing a circuit under
normal as well as abnormal (fa
ulty) conditions. Different types

о
CBs which are generally used are o
il circuit breaker, air-blast circuit br
eaker, and vacuum circuit breaker a
nd SF6 circuit breaker.
ISOLATORS OR ISOLATING SWITCHES

Isolators are employed in


substations to isolate a part о the
system for general maintenance.
Isolator switches are operated only
under no load condition. They are
provided on each side о every
circuit breaker.
BUS-BAR

When number о
lines operating at the same voltage levels needs t
o be connected electrically, bus-bars are used. Bus
-bars are conductors made
о
copper or aluminum, with very low impedance an
d high current carrying capacity. Different types
о
bus-bar arrangements are single bus bar arrange
ments, single bus-bar with
sectionalisation
, double bus-bar arrangements, sectionalized doub
le bus-bar arrangement, double main and auxiliary
bus-bar arrangement, breaker and a half scheme/
1.5 Breaker scheme, and ring bus-bar
scheme
GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER

INTRODUCTION

We use electricity for various purposes such as:

1. Lighting, heating, cooling and other domestic electrical appliances used


in home.
2. Street lighting, flood lighting о sporting arena, office building lighting,
powering PCs etc.
3. Irrigating vast agricultural lands using pumps and operating cold storages
for various agricultural products.
4. Running motors, furnaces о various kinds, in industrie Running
locomotives (electric trains) о railways.
BASIC IDEA OF GENERATION

Prior to the discovery о Faraday’s Laws о electromagnetic discussion, electrical power


was available from batteries with limited voltage and current levels. Although
complicated in construction, D.C generators were developed first to generate power in
bulk. However, due to limitation о the D.C machine to generate voltage beyond few
hundred volts, it was not economical to transmit large amount о power over a long
distance. For a given amount о power, the current magnitude (I = P/V), hence section о
the copper conductor will be large. Thus generation, transmission and distribution о d.c
power were restricted to area о few kilometer radius with no interconnections between
generating plants. Therefore, area specific generating stations along with its distribution
networks had to be used.
THERMAL PLANT

To generate voltage at 50 Hz we have to run the generator at some fixed rpm by some
external agency. A turbine is used to rotate the generator.
TRANSMISSION

The power plants typically produce 50 cycle/second


(Hertz), alternating-current (AC) electricity with voltages
between 11kV and 33kV. At the power plant
site, the 3-phase voltage is stepped up to
a higher voltage for transmission on
cables strung on cross-country towers.
High voltage (HV) and extra high voltage (EHV)
transmission is the next stage from power plant to
transport A.C. power over long distances at voltages like;
220 kV & 400 kV.

Sub-transmission network at 132 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV or 33


kV constitutes the next link towards the end user.

Distribution at 11 kV / 6.6 kV / 3.3 kV constitutes the last


link to the consumer, who is connected directly or
through transformers
DISTRIBUTION

There is no difference between a transmission line and a distribution line except for the
voltage level and power handling capability. Transmission lines are usually capable о
transmitting large quantities о electric energy over great distances. They operate at high
voltages. Distribution lines carry limited quantities о power over shorter distances.

Higher voltage transmission and distribution thus would help to minimize line voltage
drop in the ratio о voltages, and the line power loss in the ratio о square о voltages. For
instance, if distribution о power is raised from 10 kV to 35 kV, the voltage drop would be
lower by a factor 1/3 and the line loss would be lower by a factor (1/3)2 i.e., 1/9. Lower
voltage transmission and distribution also calls for bigger size conductor on account о
current handling capacity needed.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM-GENERAL

The electrical energy produced at the generating station is


conveyed to the consumers through a network о transmission
and distribution systems. In general, distribution
system is that part о power system which
distributes power to the consumers for
utilization.

The transmission and distribution systems


are similar to man’s circulatory system.
The transmission system may be compared
with arteries in the human body and
distribution system with capillaries. They
serve the same purpose о the ultimate
consumer in the city with the life- giving
blood о civilization–electricity.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

That part о power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as
distribution system. In general, the distribution system is the electrical system between
the substation fed by the Transmission system and the consumer’s meters. It generally
consists о feeders, distributors, and service mains.
A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localized generating station
) to the area where power is to be distributed. Generally, no tappings are taken from
the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. The main consideration
in the design о a feeder is the current carrying capacity.
A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the
consumers. In Fig. AB, BC, CD and DA are the distributors. The current
through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places
along its length. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the
main consideration since the statutory limit о voltage variations is ± 6% о rated value
at the consumers’ terminals.
A service mains is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to
the consumers’ terminals.

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