CIVIL

DEFENSE
TEACHER: Abdullayeva Nigar
 LECTURE 2
EMERGENCY SITUATION AND THEIR
CLASSIFICATION
Emergency situation of natural origin

 What is an emergency situation?

 Conflict Emergencies
An emergency situation refers to an
unexpected event that poses a risk of
death or injury and requires immediate
response and management.
Emergencies are classified depending
on the types, sorts, scale, stage of
severity, etc.

In non-
conflict
general conflict
 Conflict ES
political social
clashes
struggle, explosions

national and
religious terrorism
conflicts

crime
What is a Religious
Conflict?
A religious conflict
happens when people
from different religions
disagree and fight with
each other. This can
happen because:
1. Different beliefs
2. Political Power
3. Historical
Disagreements
4. Control of Holy Places
Examples of Religious Conflict in History
1. The Crusades (1096-1291) - The Crusades were a series of wars
between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land,
especially the city of Jerusalem. Both religions considered this
land very important for their faith. This conflict lasted for many
years, with both sides fighting to control the region.
2. The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - This was a major war in
Europe that started as a conflict between Protestant and Catholic
states. While it began as a religious war, it became more about
political power over time. Millions of people died, and the war
caused great destruction across Europe.
3. The Partition of India (1947) - When India gained independence
from British rule, the country was divided into two nations:
Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. This
division led to massive violence between Hindus, Muslims, and
Sikhs, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people
and the displacement of millions.
1. Israeli-Palestinian Conflict - This ongoing conflict is
partly based on religious differences between Jews and
Muslims. The dispute over land in Israel and Palestine,
especially in the city of Jerusalem, has deep religious
significance for both sides. This conflict has led to
numerous wars and ongoing violence.
2. Northern Ireland Conflict (The Troubles) (1960s-1998) -
This conflict took place in Northern Ireland between
Catholics and Protestants. The disagreement was partly
religious but also involved political issues about whether
Northern Ireland should remain part of the United
Kingdom or join the Republic of Ireland. It led to
violence, bombings, and many deaths.
 Effects
Violence Divided
of Displa Loss of
and Commu
Religious cement Rights
War nities
Conflict
How Can Religious Conflicts Be Prevented?
- Education and Understanding: Teaching people
about different religions and promoting respect
for all beliefs can help reduce
misunderstandings and prevent conflicts.
- Dialogue: Encouraging conversations between
religious groups can help solve disagreements
peacefully.
- Laws to Protect Rights: Governments can
make laws that protect people’s right to follow
their religion freely and without fear of
discrimination.
What is a National Conflict?

A national conflict happens when

people or groups in a country
disagree about something
important. Sometimes, these
disagreements can turn into big
arguments or even fights.
National conflicts can happen for
different reasons, like when
groups of people want more
freedom, control, or better
treatment.
Examples of National
Conflicts
• The American Civil
War (1861-1865)
• The Vietnam War
(1955-1975)
• The Rwandan
Conflict (1994)
• The Sudan Conflict
Why Do National Conflicts Happen?
1. Different Beliefs or Ideas: Sometimes people have different ideas
about how the country should be run. For example, they might
disagree about how leaders should be chosen or how the laws should
work.
2. Wanting Independence: Some groups in a country may want to have
their own land or government. They feel that they are different from
the rest of the country, and they want to be in control of their own
lives.
3. Unfair Treatment: National conflicts can happen when some people
feel they are treated unfairly by the government or other groups. They
might fight to get equal rights or better opportunities.
4. Control Over Resources: Conflicts can start when groups of people
want to control important resources like land, water, or oil. If they feel
another group is taking too much, they might fight to get control.
 • War and Fighting: National conflicts
can lead to wars, where people use
weapons to fight for what they want.
This can destroy homes, schools, and

Effects other important places.

• People Have to Leave Their Homes:

of
Many people may have to run away
from the fighting to stay safe. This is
called becoming a refugee.
National • Division of a Country: In some cases,
national conflicts can lead to a country
Conflicts splitting into two, like when South
Sudan became a separate country.
• Loss of Lives: Sadly, national conflicts
often lead to many people getting hurt
or killed in the fighting.
What is Terrorism?
Terrorism is when a group of people uses violence to scare
others and make them do what they want. Terrorists often
attack innocent people, buildings, or important places to
create fear. They usually have strong beliefs or ideas, and
they want to force others to follow their way of thinking by
causing harm and fear.
 Why Do
Terrorists Do
This?

Terrorists believe that by

scaring people, they can:
• Get attention for their
cause or belief.
• Make changes in
governments or laws.
• Control others by
spreading fear.
 Example of Terrorism
9/11 Attacks (2001) - On September 11, 2001, a
group of terrorists attacked the United States by
crashing airplanes into important buildings, like
the World Trade Center in New York City. Many
people lost their lives, and it was one of the most
serious terrorist attacks in history.
How Do People Stop Terrorism?
• Law Enforcement: Police and special
forces work to catch terrorists and stop
attacks before they happen.
• Education: Teaching people about
different cultures and beliefs helps reduce
misunderstandings that can lead to
violence.
• International Cooperation: Countries
around the world work together to find
and stop terrorist groups, sharing
information to keep people safe.
What is a Social Explosion?
A social explosionhappens when many people in a
community or country suddenly get very angry or
upset about something. This can lead to protests,
marches, or even violent actions, like breaking things
or fighting. People come together in large groups to
express their frustration about things they believe are
unfair.
How Can Social Explosions Be Solved?
1. Listening to people’s concerns: Governments and leaders
need to listen to what people are upset about and try to fix
the problems.
2. Peaceful dialogue: Talking and working together to find
solutions helps avoid violence and allows everyone to
express their views.
3. Fair laws and changes: By creating fairer laws and making
changes to improve living conditions, social explosions can
be prevented.
Accord
ing to man- ecologi
natural
the made cal
origin
 DIFFERENCES
Natural disaster Man made disasters
occurs due to forces is influenced by
of nature humans

Natural Man made

hazard disasters

Natural disasters are Human man made

disasters that take disasters involves an
place regardless of element of human
human action intent, negligence or
error
 Emergency situations according to
administrative affiliation occurs :
in construction (industrial, civil,
transport);

in industry

in the sphere of housing and communal

services

in transport

in agriculture and forestry.

 According to their scale,
emergencies can be classified into:
Local

Object Municipal

Regional National

Global
1. Local Emergency – A small
emergency that happens in one place.
It does not spread to other areas, and
no people are hurt.
 Object Emergency –
The emergency stays in
one town or part of a
big city. Between 10 to
100 people are hurt.
3. Municipal Emergency – The
emergency affects two or more towns or
parts of a big city. The number of
people hurt is not more than 1,000.
4. Regional Emergency – The
emergency spreads to many places,
including cities and villages. Between
1,000 to 25,000 people are hurt.
5. Federal Emergency – The emergency
covers a large area of a country but does
not cross the country’s borders.
Between 25,000 to 1,000,000 people are
hurt.
6. Global Emergency – A very big
emergency that affects more than one
country. More than 1,000,000 people are
hurt.
 ES by the stage of severity:

First Level Fifth Level

Second (Irreplacea
(Mild Third Level Fourth
Level ble Losses)
Emergency) (Disaster) – Level
(Moderate – A terrible
– A small A serious (Crisis) – A
Emergency)
event, like disaster that very big event that
– A bigger
heavy rain changes problem changes
problem
in a city, daily life that causes people’s
that makes
that does and makes fear, panic, lives forever
people
not cause people feel and changes and is never
worried or
serious unsafe. in society.
nervous. forgotten.
problems.
Classification of ES by the scale of possible
consequences is one of the most important issues for
determining the boundaries and the correct solution
ways of natural and man-made ES. In this case it is be
important:

 to know the number of people affected by a natural

disaster and losing their housing conditions;
 to determine the extent of material damage;
 the main task is to identify the boundaries of the
spread of the affected factors.
 Natural disasters - a series of natural phenomena
that cause sudden disruption of people's normal
livelihoods, as well as destruction and damage of
property. They often have a negative impact on the
environment.
 Depending on the
duration, natural
disasters can be of
two types:

- sudden events
(earthquakes,
hurricanes, etc.);

- long-term
(epidemics,
epizootics, floods,
etc.);
 Natural disasters are also
divided into two causes:

- related to natural factors

(volcanic eruptions, strong sea
level anchors, severe floods, high
temperatures, icing, etc.)

- related to anthropogenic factors

(dust storms, erosion).
What Are Natural Emergencies of a Geophysical Origin?
Natural emergencies of a geophysical origin are dangerous
events that happen because of changes in the Earth. These
include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, rockslides and
landslides. They can cause damage to buildings, land, and
sometimes even hurt people.
Earthquakes
What is an Earthquake?An earthquake is when the
ground shakes because of movements inside the
Earth. It happens when rocks under the Earth break
and move. .
What Happens During an Earthquake?
- Cracks in the ground (surface faulting)
- Vibrations (tremors)
- Soil turning into liquid (liquefaction)
- Falling rocks or land (landslides)
- Waves in the ocean (tsunamis)
- Small earthquakes after the main one (aftershocks)
How Do We Measure Earthquakes?

•Scientists use seismographs to record

earthquakes.
•The Richter scale measures how
strong an earthquake is.
•A big earthquake releases more
energy than a small one.
Types of Earthquakes
1.Tectonic Earthquake – Happens when the Earth’s crust
breaks.
2.Volcanic Earthquake – Happens near volcanoes when they
erupt.
3.Collapse Earthquake – Happens when caves or mines
collapse.
4.Explosion Earthquake – Happens because of big
explosions, like nuclear bombs.
Important Earthquake Terms
•Hypocenter (Focus) – The place inside the Earth
where the earthquake starts.
•Epicenter – The place on the surface directly above
the earthquake.
If You Are Indoors:“DROP,
COVER, AND HOLD ON!”

•Stay inside.
•Drop under a table or strong
furniture.
•Cover your head and body.
•Hold on until the shaking stops.

•If you can’t get under furniture,

crouch near a strong wall.
•Stay away from windows and
heavy objects.
If You Are Outdoors:
•Stay outside in an open area.
•Stay away from buildings, power lines, and trees.
If You Are in a Vehicle:
•Stop the car in a safe place.
•Avoid bridges and tall buildings.
•Stay inside the car.
•Listen to the radio for emergency news.
•If power lines fall on your car, stay inside and wait
for help.
What to AVOID During an Earthquake?
•Doorways (Doors can move and hurt you).
•Windows, shelves, or tall furniture (They can
fall).
•Elevators (They can stop or break).
•Downed power lines (Stay far away).
•Coastlines (Earthquakes can cause tsunamis.
Move to higher ground).
What is a Volcano?
A volcano is an opening on the Earth’s surface where hot
magma, gas, and rocks come out. When magma reaches the
surface, it becomes lava.
The study of volcanoes is called volcanology.
Types of Volcanoes
1.Active Volcanoes – These erupt in history or in
recent times.
2.Dormant Volcanoes – These have not erupted for a
long time, but they can erupt again.
3.Extinct Volcanoes – These are not likely to erupt
again.
 What is a Volcanic Eruption?

A volcanic eruption happens when hot lava, gas, and rocks

come out of the Earth. Eruptions can last a few hours or many
years. Volcanoes usually have a cone shape with a crater (a
hole at the top). If the volcano collapses, it forms a caldera,
which is a large bowl-shaped area. After a volcano erupts,
some post-eruptive activities continue:
•Fumaroles – Hot gas and steam come out of the ground.
•Hot Springs (Thermals) – Natural hot water flows from
underground.
•Geysers – Hot water and steam shoot into the air.
 MUD VOLCANOS
Mud Volcanoes in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan has over 300 mud volcanoes, more than any other country.
These volcanoes release mud instead of lava.
 Other more common natural disasters of
geological nature are rockslides and
landslides.
Landslides and RockslidesLandslides and rockslides are
geological disasters that happen when rocks and soil move
down a slope.
•Heavy rain
•Erosion (water removes soil)
•Earthquakes
•Loose rocks
•Human activities (e.g., cutting trees, road construction)
Where do
landslides Mountains River
Seashores
happen? valleys
HYDROLOGICAL DISASTERS
A hydrological disaster is a violent, sudden and
destructive change either in the quality of Earth's
water or in the distribution or movement of water on
land below the surface or in the atmosphere.
Flood Lahar

Tsunami
Floods
A flood happens when water covers
land where people live.Causes of
floods:
•Heavy rain
•Melting snow
•Overflowing rivers
•Tsunamis
Lahars (Volcanic Mudflows)
A lahar is a fast-moving mudflow caused by a volcanic
eruption. It carries rocks, water, and ash.Dangers of lahars:

•Very fast – Up to 140 meters (460 ft) deep

•Destroys everything in its path
•Moves through river valleys
Tsunamis
A tsunami is a giant ocean wave caused by:
•Earthquakes under the sea •Volcanic eruptions
•Landslides under the water
Signs of a tsunami:
•The ocean pulls back suddenly •Strange sounds from the sea
•Big waves moving quickly
 Meteorological disasters
Meteorological disasters are dangerous events caused by
very strong or unusual weather. They can happen for many
reasons. Here are the main types and what you can do during
each one:
• wind, including storm, hurricane, tornado
 Heavy rain
 large hail
 -Heavy snowfall
 -Strong snowstorms
 -dust storms
 - frosts (at soil surface temperatures below freezing during
the growing season);
 - Strong frosts or heat waves.
Wind Disasters
•Hurricanes
•A hurricane is a very strong wind storm.
•Wind speeds can be 30 meters per second (m/s) or
more.
•They start when the air pressure suddenly drops, and
they have a huge amount of energy (sometimes like a
nuclear explosion in one hour).
•Hurricanes can destroy buildings and cause floods.
Storms
•A storm is like a smaller hurricane.
•Wind speeds are usually 15–25 m/s.
•They still cause damage but are not as strong as
hurricanes.
Tornadoes
•A tornado is a small, very fast, spinning column of
air.
•Wind speeds in a tornado can be up to 100 m/s.
•Tornadoes form from thunderstorm clouds and can
destroy trees, houses, and cars.
•They look like dark funnels that reach from the sky to
the ground.
During Hurricanes/Storms/Tornadoes:
•Stay indoors and away from windows.
•Listen to weather alerts on the radio or TV.
For tornadoes:
•Go to a small, interior room or a basement.
•If you are outside, lie low in a ditch and cover
your head.
 Rain and Snow Disasters

Heavy Rain

•Heavy rain means a lot of rain falls in a short

time (for example, 50 mm or more in 12 hours).
•In some areas (like mountains), even 30 mm in
12 hours can cause problems.
•Heavy rain can cause floods, which may damage
homes, farms, and roads.
 Snowstorms
•A snowstorm is a heavy snowfall mixed with strong winds.

•Winds can be 15 m/s or more, moving huge amounts of snow.

•This can lower visibility, making travel dangerous.

Blizzards
•A blizzard is a very strong snowstorm.
•It has wind speeds of at least 56 km/h (about 35 mph) and
lasts for three hours or more.
•In a ground blizzard, new snow does not fall but the wind lifts
loose snow from the ground, making travel nearly impossible.
Thunderstorms and Lightning
Thunderstorms
•Thunderstorms come with heavy rain, loud thunder, lightning,
and sometimes hail.
•They are made by big clouds called cumulonimbus clouds.

•Many thunderstorms happen every day around the world

Lightning
•Lightning is a sudden flash of light during a thunderstorm.
•It is very dangerous because it can strike people or buildings.

•Sometimes a “dry thunderstorm” happens, where there is

lightning and thunder but little rain.
During Thunderstorms:
•If in a forest:
•Take shelter under low trees with thick leaves.
•In open areas or mountains:
•Find a low place like a ditch or ravine.
•Keep metal objects (like phones or jewelry) away from your
body.
•Sit down with your feet close together and your head down if
you hear thunder.
•Stay away from single tall trees, edges of forests, water
bodies, and steep rocky areas.
 Wildfires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation
which spreads spontaneously through the forest.
Fires that cover large areas of forest in a short
period of time are referred to as massive fires.
 Forest fires can be classified by how they
start and where they burn:
1. Grassland Fires-These start in grassy
areas.
2. Ground Fires -These burn the plants and
leaves on the forest floor.
3. Underground (Peat) Fires-These begin in
peat layers, which are made of old, partly
decayed plants.
What Is Not Allowed in Fire-Hazardous Seasons?
During seasons when fires are very likely, people must be
extra careful. Some forbidden actions include:
•Throwing burning matches or cigarette butts.
•Using flammable materials (like oil-soaked cloths) in the
forest.
•Filling fuel tanks with engines running.
•Leaving glass bottles or broken glass in the forest.
•Making bonfires in dry areas or burning grass near the forest.
How Are Wildfires Fought?
•Creating a Fire Line:
•This line helps stop the fire because the wood
on one side will burn out without more fuel.
•Using Water and Aircraft:
•Firefighters use water from hoses, and
sometimes special airplanes or helicopters, to
put out the fire.
Cosmic Emergencies
Cosmic emergencies are dangers that come from outer space.
These include objects like asteroids and meteorites, as well as
cosmic radiation.
Hazardous Space Objects
1.Asteroids
•Asteroids are like small planets.
•They can range from 1 to 1000 kilometers in size.
•There are about 300 known space bodies that sometimes
cross Earth’s orbit.
•Scientists think there might be about 300,000 asteroids and
comets in space.
2. Meteorites
•A meteorite is a piece of rock from space that falls to Earth.
•Most meteorites weigh only a few grams to a few kilograms.
•The largest meteorite found weighs around 60 tonnes.

3.Meteors and Bolides

•When a space rock enters our atmosphere, it makes a bright
light in the sky.
•If the light is not very bright, it is called a meteor.
•If it is very bright or has a noticeable size, it is called a
bolide.
4.Meteor Objects (Meteoroids, Comets, Fragments)

•Before they fall, these objects are called meteoroids.

•Comets are icy bodies that orbit the Sun.
•Short-period comets: Orbit the Sun in less than 200
years.
•Long-period comets: Orbit the Sun in more than 200
years.
 Why Cosmic Emergencies Matter
•There is a very small chance that Earth
might be hit by a large asteroid or comet.
•For example, the Tunguska event in 1908
was when a large space rock exploded in
the atmosphere and flattened a huge area
of forest in Siberia.
•A collision with an asteroid about 1
kilometer in size could release energy
many times greater than all the nuclear
weapons on Earth. Such an impact would
be very dangerous for the whole planet.