CIVIL

DEFENSE
TEACHER: Abdullayeva Nigar
 LECTURE 3. EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS OF TECHNOGENIC
NATURE
 Plan
 What is a Technological Hazard?
 Ecological Hazards
While natural hazards are
associated with natural
disasters, industrialization
and technologies have
resulted in accidents or
unexpected and uncontrolled
release of hazardous and
explosive materials, which
we consider technological
disasters.
 Causes of man-made
emergencies

Some specialists
who design Lack of in-depth
workplaces don’t study of all
take enough phenomena of
responsibility for nature
safety equipment
 Causes of Man-Made Accidents:

1.Poorly Designed or Unsafe Buildings

2.Substandard Construction or Design Flaws
3.Incorrect Location of Production Facilities
4.Careless Management Practices
5.Wear and Tear of Equipment
6.Weak Production and Safety Standards
7.Outdated Technology
8.Lack of Necessary Laws and Regulations
9.Inadequate Emergency Notification Systems
10.Technogenic Accidents from Natural Disasters (e.g., storms, earthquakes,
tsunamis, hurricanes)
Man-made ES can happen in the following cases :

- accidents leading to extended power outages at power plants;

- accidents at power interchanges, resulting in long interruptions of power
supply to consumers and territories;
- Failure of transport electric contact points;
- Accidents in life support systems;
- in the sewerage system;
- heating mains;
- water supply systems;
- in municipal gas pipelines;
- More than 10 tonnes of a single discharge of wastewater at the treatment
facilities of industrial enterprises;
- Mass discharges of pollutants at industrial gas treatment plants.
Technogen
ic ES are
formed as accidents; fires; explosions.
the result
of:
 Accidents - damage to
facilities, equipment, buildings Causes of
and structures, followed by Accidents
failures in industrial processes
that can threaten human life.
Allowing Defects in
defects construction
during design works

Violation of
Other
operating
Reasons
rules
 Chernobyl Disaster
Reasons for the Disaster
1.Flawed Reactor Design:
The nuclear reactor at Chernobyl had some design
problems that made it unsafe.
2.Operator Errors:
Workers conducted a test without following safety
rules. They did not properly check the reactor, which
led to an explosion.
3.Poor Safety Culture:
There was not enough focus on safety procedures.
Workers were not well-trained to handle emergencies.
4.Inadequate Emergency Planning:
There were no clear plans for what to do if something
went wrong.
 After the Disaster
Immediate
Response: Long-Term
Firefighters and Evacuations: Effects:
plant workers tried People living near
to put out the fires the plant were
and contain the evacuated. A 30- Health Problems: Many

radiation, but kilometer zone people, including workers

and nearby residents,
many were around the reactor developed health issues,
like cancer, due to
exposed to became a no-entry radiation exposure.

dangerous levels area.

of radiation.
Environmental Impact:
The surrounding area was
contaminated, affecting
plants and animals.
1.Containment Efforts:
A large concrete structure, called the sarcophagus, was built to
cover the damaged reactor and contain the radiation.
2.Global Changes:
The disaster led to changes in how nuclear power plants were
operated worldwide, with improved safety measures and
regulations.
 Fires - more often caused by accidents in big factories, oil
fields and settlements.
What are Industrial Fires?- Industrial fires happen in places
like factories, warehouses, or construction sites.- These fires can
be very dangerous because they are usually large and happen
where lots of people work.
 Causes of Industrial Fires:
Electrical Problems: When wires are old or damaged, they can cause sparks that
lead to fires.

Flammable Materials: Factories sometimes use chemicals, oil, or gas, which can
easily catch fire.

Hot Machines: Machines that get too hot can start fires if not properly checked
or cooled.

Human Error: Sometimes, accidents happen when people make mistakes, like
leaving something hot near flammable materials.

Poor Maintenance: Not taking care of machines, electrical systems, or safety

rules can increase the chances of a fire.
Effects of Industrial Fires:
• Injuries and Death: Fires can hurt or kill people if they are caught in the
fire or can't escape in time.
• Damage to Property: Factories, machines, and products can be
destroyed in a fire, causing companies to lose a lot of money.
• Pollution: Smoke from fires can pollute the air, which is harmful to
both humans and the environment.
• Job Losses: When factories are destroyed, people may lose their jobs
because the factory may need time to rebuild or may never reopen.
How to Prevent Industrial Fires:
1.Good Electrical Safety: Regularly check and fix electrical
systems to avoid sparks or short circuits.
2.Proper Storage: Store flammable materials safely and away
from heat sources.
3.Maintenance: Keep machines clean and make sure they don't
overheat.
4.Fire Drills: Practice what to do in case of a fire so everyone
knows how to stay safe.
5.Use of Safety Equipment: Always have fire extinguishers,
alarms, and sprinklers in place to stop fires from spreading.
 GUNESHLİ OİL FİELD ACCİDENT
The Guneshli subsea pipeline accident refers to a
significant incident that occurred in December
2015, involving a fire on a subsea oil pipeline in
the Caspian Sea off the coast of Azerbaijan.
What is the Guneshli Pipeline?
The Guneshli pipeline is a big tube under the sea
that carries oil, which is used to make gasoline
and other products.
The Accident
•During a strong storm, the pipeline had a
problem. It broke and started leaking.
•This caused a big fire on an oil platform (a
structure in the sea where workers collect oil).
Who Was Affected?
•Some workers who were on the platform went missing because of the
fire and the dangerous conditions.
What Was Done?
•Emergency teams quickly went to help and tried to put out the fire.
•An investigation was started to understand how the accident happened
and to make sure it wouldn’t happen again.
Why Is This Important?
The accident showed that safety is very important for people working
with oil in places like the ocean. It reminded everyone to be careful and
to have safety rules in place to help prevent future accidents.
This information helps us understand why it’s important to keep workers
safe and to protect our environment!
 Explosions - - Explosions happen when something
bursts with a lot of force and makes a loud noise.- They
are very powerful and can cause a lot of damage in a short
amount of time.
 Causes of Explosions:
1.Flammable Gases: Some gases, like propane or natural gas, can
explode if they are not handled carefully and come into contact with
fire or sparks.
2.Chemicals: When certain chemicals mix together, they can create a
reaction that causes an explosion.
3.Fires: Sometimes, fires can lead to explosions if they reach something
explosive, like gas tanks or chemicals.
4.Electrical Sparks: Faulty wiring or sparks near flammable materials
can cause an explosion.
5.Pressure Build-Up: When too much pressure builds up inside
something, like a boiler or a gas container, it can explode.
 • Injuries and Death: Explosions can hurt or kill
people if they are too close when the explosion
happens.
• Damage to Buildings: Explosions can blow up
buildings, cars, or machinery, causing serious
Effects damage.
of • Fires: Explosions often cause fires, which can
spread and make the situation even worse.
Explosi • Shockwaves: Explosions create strong
ons: shockwaves that can knock things over and break
windows, even far away from the explosion.
• Pollution: Explosions release harmful chemicals
and smoke into the air, which can be dangerous for
the environment and people's health.
How to Prevent Explosions:
1.Proper Handling of Gases and Chemicals: Always store and use
gases and chemicals safely and away from heat sources.
2.Check for Leaks: Regularly check for leaks in gas tanks, pipes, and
containers to prevent dangerous buildups.
3.Good Electrical Safety: Make sure all electrical equipment is working
correctly and there are no loose wires or sparks.
4.Avoiding Overpressure: Make sure equipment that uses high
pressure, like boilers, is regularly checked to prevent it from bursting.
5.Fire Safety: Keep flammable materials away from sparks, open
flames, and other heat sources.
What is the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy was a very serious accident that
happened at a factory that made chemicals. One night, a
gas called methyl isocyanate (MIC) leaked from the
factory.
What Caused It?
•The leak happened because there were problems with the
factory’s safety and some of the machines were not
working correctly.
•When the gas escaped, it spread quickly into the air.
Who Was Affected?
•Many people in Bhopal were sleeping at the time and didn't know the gas was
there.
•Thousands of people breathed in the poisonous gas, which made them very sick.
Some people even died.
What Was Done?
•Emergency services and volunteers rushed to help those who were affected.
•Hospitals treated many sick people, but it was very hard because so many needed
help at once.
Two-thirds of the world's man-made emergencies are road traffic
accidents.
Speeding: Driving too fast can make it hard to stop or control the vehicle.
Distractions: Things like texting or talking on the phone can take attention
away from the road.
Weather: Rain, snow, or fog can make it difficult to see and can make
roads slippery.
Poor Maintenance: If vehicles are not taken care of, they can have
problems that lead to accidents.
Drunk Driving: Using alcohol or drugs can impair a person's ability to
drive safely.
Inexperienced Drivers: New drivers might not have enough practice to
handle difficult situations on the road.
Hydrodynamic accident is an accident caused by failure (collapse) of a
hydrodynamic device or its part and flooding of a large area with a large
amount of uncontrolled water mass. Major potentially hazardous
hydraulic structures include dams, submersibles and sluices. The collapse
of hydraulic structures occurs as a result of natural forces (earthquakes,
strong winds, scouring of dams) and human activities (blasting of
hydraulic structures, dams with nuclear or conventional weapons), as
well as construction and design errors.
Effects of Air Pollution

Health Problems: Can cause respiratory issues like asthma and

lung diseases.

Environmental Impact: Harms plants and animals by affecting

their habitat and growth.

Climate Change: Contributes to global warming, leading to

extreme weather events.
 Use Public
Use Clean
Transport:
Plant Trees: Trees Energy: Promote
Encouraging the
absorb carbon solar, wind, and
Solutions to Air use of buses,
dioxide and other renewable
Pollution trains, or
improve air energy sources
carpooling to
quality. instead of fossil
reduce vehicle
fuels.
emissions.
Water Pollution
• Harm to Wildlife: Fish and other aquatic
life can get sick or die from
contaminated water.
• Human Health Risks: Polluted water
can cause diseases if consumed or used
for swimming.
• Ecosystem Damage: Disrupts food
chains and habitats, affecting the
balance of aquatic ecosystems.
 Solutions to Water Pollution

Proper Waste Disposal: Always throw trash in bins and never

litter near water bodies.

Use Eco-friendly Products: Choose biodegradable soaps and

cleaners to reduce chemical runoff.

Cleanup Efforts: Participate in local clean-up events to

remove trash from rivers and lakes.
İmpact of Noise Pollution

Health Effects: Can lead to

stress, sleep disturbances,
and hearing loss.

Wildlife Disruption: Loud

noises can scare away
animals and disrupt their
natural behaviors.

Community Impact: Can

make neighborhoods less
pleasant to live in due to
constant noise.
Solutions to Noise Pollution

Sound Barriers: Use plants,

fences, or walls to block noise
from roads and construction
sites.

Quiet Equipment: Use

quieter machines and tools
when possible.

Community Agreements:
Establish quiet hours in
neighborhoods to reduce
noise levels during certain
times.