Discrete-time Signals

By: Prof. Dr. Erhan A. İnce

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Dept.
SPRING 2024

e-mail: [email protected]
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cos

cos =

This number is rational

Period N = 16.

r and N are integers and

frequency must be rational

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Determine the fundamental period of the following sequence

x [ n ] =cos ( 1.1 𝜋 𝑛 ) +𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 0.7 𝜋 𝑛 )

𝑤1 =1.1 𝜋=2 𝜋 ( 0.55 ) =2 𝜋 𝑓 1

not rational
rational  N 1= 20

𝑤2 =0.7 𝜋=2 𝜋 ( 0.35 ) =2 𝜋 𝑓 2

not rational
rational  N 2= 20

Hence period of signal is N =20

If N1 and N2 were different we take their least common multiplier as the period.

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n=0:30;
xn = 3*cos((pi/8)*n);
figure, stem(n,xn)

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If the output y[n] for each value of n depends only on the input x[n] at the same n value
then we say the system is MEMORYLESS.

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 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎𝟏
𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎

d=[1; 0; 0; 0; 1; 0; 1]
B = 1/3*ones(3,1)
out = filter(B,1,d)
filter(B,A,X)
Filters the data in vector X with the filter defined in vectors A and B

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x[n] = 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
y[n-1]= 0 1 1 1 2 3 3
y[n] = 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 the output is growing in accumulator

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Time Invariant System

Consider some time shift in the input signal:

i.e. x(t)  x(t  ) a delay or advance

If such a time shift in the input signal causes the same time-shift
In the output signal, then we say the system is time-invariant

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y[n] = x[n] cos(0.2n)

Is this system time-invariant?

w[n] = x[n-n0]cos (0.2n)

y[n-n0] =x[n-n0]cos(0.2(n-n0))

w[n]  y[n-n0]

Hence system is not time invariant.

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y[n]=3x[n]-4x[n-1]

Is this system time-invariant ?

x1= x[n-n0]
 y1[n]=3x1[n]-4x1[n-1] = 3 x[n-n0] - 4 x[n-n0-1]

 Also y[n-n0] = 3x[n-n0]-4x[n-n0-1]

 We see that y1[n] = y[n-n0]

 Hence system is time invariant.

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 the accumulator

Is the accumulator time invariant?

Let

 The accumulator is time-

invariant.

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If for any choice of n0

No feature values
Only past and present values

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 Difference Equations
An important subclass of LTI systems are defined by
an Nth-order linear constant-coefficient difference equation:
N M

a
0
k y[n  k ]  bm x[n  m ]
0

Often the leading coefficient a0 = 1. Then the output y[n] can be

computed recursively from
N M
y[n ]   ak y[n  k ]   bm x[n  m ]
k 1 m 0

A causal LTI system of this form can be simulated in

MATLAB using the function filter

y = filter(a,b,x);
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 Total Solution Calculation
N M

a
k 0
k y[n  k ]  bm x[n  m ]
m 0

The output sequence y[n] consists of a homogeneous solution yh[n] and a

particular solution yp[n].
y[ n ]  y h [ n ]  y p [ n ]
where the homogenous solution yh[n] is obtained from the homogeneous
equation:
N

a
k 0
k yh [n  k ] 0

Some textbooks use the term complementary solution instead of homogeneous solution

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 Homogeneous Solution
N
Given the homogeneous equation: a k yh [n  k ] 0
k 0

Assume that the homogeneous solution is of the form

yh [n ] n
then
N
yh [n ]  ak n  k n  N a0N  a1N  1    a N  0
k 0

defines an Nth order characteristic polynomial with roots l1, l2 … lN

The general solution is then a sequence yh[n]

N
yh [n ]  Am nm
1 The coefficients Am may be found from
(if the roots are all distinct) the initial conditions.
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 Particular Solution
The particular solution is required to satisfy the difference equation for a
specific input signal x[n], n ≥ 0.
N M

a
k 0
k y[n  k ]  bm x[n  m ]
m 0

To find the particular solution we assume for the solution yp[n] a form that
depends on the form of the specific input signal x[n].

y[ n ]  y h [ n ]  y p [ n ]

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General Form of Particular
Solution
Input Signal Particular Solution
x[n] yp[n]
A (constant) K
AMn KMn
AnM K0nM+K1nM-1+…+KM
AnnM An(K0nM+K1nM-1+…+KM)
 A cos(o n) K1 cos(o n)  K 2 sin(o n)
 
 A sin(o n) 

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 Example
Determine the homogeneous solution for

y[n]  y[n  1]  6 y[n  2] 0

Substitute yh [n] n

n  n  1  6n  2 n  2 2    6 0

n  2   3  2  0

Homogeneous solution is then

yh [n]  A11n  A2 n2  A1  3  A2 2 

n n

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 Example
Determine the particular solution for

y[n]  y[n  1]  6 y[n  2]  x[n]

with x[n] 8u[n] and y[-1] = 1 and y[-2] = -1

The particular solution has the form y p [n] 

    6 8

which is satisfied by b = -2

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 Example
Determine the total solution for

y[n]  y[n  1]  6 y[n  2]  x[n]

with x[n] 8u[n] and y[-1] = 1 and y[-2] = -1

The total solution has the form

y[n]  yh [n]  y p [n]  A1  3  A2 2   2

n n

then 1 1
y[ 1]  A1  A2  2 1 A1  1.8
3 2
1 1 A2 4.8
y[ 3]  A1  A2  2  1
9 4

y[n]  1.8 3  4.82   2

n n
 Initial-Rest Conditions

The output for a given input is not uniquely specified.

Auxiliary information or conditions are required.

Linearity, time invariance, and causality of the system will

depend on the auxiliary conditions. If an additional condition is
that the system is initially at rest (called initial-rest conditions),
then the system will be linear, time invariant, and causal.
 Impulse Response
The impulse response h[n] of a causal system is the output
observed with input x[n] = d[n].
For such a system, x[n] = 0 for n >0, so the particular
solution is zero, yp[n]=0. Thus the impulse response can be
generated from the homogeneous solution by determining
the coefficients Am to satisfy the zero initial conditions (for
a causal system).

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 Example
Determine the impulse response for

y[n]  y[n  1]  6 y[n  2]  x[n]

The impulse response is obtained from the homogenous solution:

h[n]  A1  3  A2 2 
n n

For n=0
y[0]  y[ 1]  6 y[ 2]  x[0]
h[0] δ[0] 1 A1  A2 1
For n=1
y[1]  y[0]  6 y[ 1]  x[1]  3 A1  2 A2  A1  A2  0
h[1]  h[0] δ[1] 0 3 2
A1  , A2 
5 5

3 2 n
h[n]   3  2 
n
n 0
5 5
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Frequency Response of the Ideal Delay

𝑦 [ 𝑛 ] =𝑥 [ 𝑛 −𝑛 𝑑 ]

If we consider then

H(

𝑗𝑤
=1 ∠ H( 𝑒 ¿=−𝑤 𝑛 𝑑

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Frequency Response of the Moving-Average System
Impulse response of a moving-average system is

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