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Introduction_Monday_Morning

The document provides an overview of surveying, defining it as the science and art of determining the relative positions of features on or beneath the earth's surface. It classifies surveying into primary and secondary types based on various criteria, including purpose and instruments used. Additionally, it highlights the fundamental principles, objects, uses of surveying, and its critical role in civil engineering projects.

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4 views

Introduction_Monday_Morning

The document provides an overview of surveying, defining it as the science and art of determining the relative positions of features on or beneath the earth's surface. It classifies surveying into primary and secondary types based on various criteria, including purpose and instruments used. Additionally, it highlights the fundamental principles, objects, uses of surveying, and its critical role in civil engineering projects.

Uploaded by

habte
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Surveying I

Ing. Negera Dinsa


Assoc. Dean of Academic Affairs
School of Engineering - SoE

Oct 2013
Outline:
 Definition

 Classification
• Primary Classification
• Secondary Classification
o Based on Instrument
o Based on purpose

 Fundamental principles of Surveying

 Object and Uses of Surveying

 The role of Surveying in Civil Engineering


Definition of Surveying
Surveying is the science and art of determining
the relative positions of natural and man-made
features above, on, or beneath the earth’s
surface, and the presentation of this information
either graphically or numerically.

 Why it is an art?
 Why it is a Science?
 Why relative positions?
Definition of Surveying
Why it is an art?
 Because only a surveyor who possesses through
understanding of surveying techniques will be able to
determine the most efficient methods required to
obtain optimal results over a wide variety of surveying
problems.

Why it is a Science?
 Because the use of mathematical techniques to
analyze field data, accuracy and reliability depends on
understanding scientific principles underlying and
affecting survey measurement.
Definition of Surveying
Why relative positions?

The primary aims of surveying are:


 to measure the Horizontal Distance between points.
 to measure the Vertical Elevation between points.
 to find out the Relative Direction of lines by
measuring horizontal angles with reference to any
arbitrary/ fixed direction

These parameters are utilized to find out the relative


coordinates of a point /location.
Types of Surveying
 Classification
• Primary Classification
• Secondary Classification
o Based on Instrument
o Based on purpose
Primary Classification
The approximate shape of the earth can best be
defined as imperfect sphere. But, most of the
civil engineering works, concern only with a small
portion of the earth which seems to be a plane
surface.
Thus, based upon the consideration of the shape
of the earth, surveying is broadly divided into
two types

 Plane Surveying
 Geodetic Surveying
Primary Classification: Plane Surveying

Fundamental assumptions in Plane surveying:

 All distances and directions are horizontal;


 The direction of the plumb line is same at all
points within the limits of the survey;
 All angles (both horizontal and vertical) are
plane angles;
 Elevations are with reference to a datum.
Primary Classification: Geodetic Surveying

In this branch of surveying, the true shape of


the earth is taken into consideration.

This type of surveying is being carried out for


highly precise work and is adopted for survey-
ing of large area.
Secondary Classification: Instrument

 Chain Survey
 Compass survey
 Plane Table survey
 Theodolite survey
 Tacheometric Survey
 Photographic survey
Some Surveying Instrument
Secondary Classification: Purpose

Based on the purpose (for which surveying is being


conducted), Surveying has been classified into:

 Control surveying : To establish horizontal and


vertical positions of control points.

 Land surveying : To determine the boundaries and


areas of parcels of land, also known as property survey,
boundary survey or cadastral survey.

 Topographic survey : To prepare a plan/ map of a


region which includes natural as well as and man-made
features including elevation.
Secondary Classification: Purpose
 Engineering survey : To collect requisite data for
planning, design and execution of engineering projects.

Three broad steps are:


o Reconnaissance survey : To explore site conditions and availability
of infrastructures.

o Preliminary survey : To collect adequate data to prepare plan / map


of area to be used for planning and design.

o Location survey : To set out work on the ground for actual


construction / execution of the project.
Secondary Classification: Purpose
 Route survey: To plan, design, and laying out of route
such as highways, railways, canals, pipelines, and other
linear projects.

 Construction surveys: Surveys which are required for


establishment of points, lines, grades, and for staking
out engineering works (after the plans have been
prepared and the structural design has been done).

 Astronomic surveys: To determine the latitude,


longitude (of the observation station) and azimuth (of a
line through observation station) from astronomical
observation.
 Mine surveys: To carry out surveying specific for
opencast and underground mining purposes.
Principles of Surveying

The fundamental principles upon which the sur-


veying is being carried out are:

 Working from whole to part.


 After deciding the position of any point, its ref-
erence must be kept from at least two per-
manent stations whose position have already
been well defined.

The purpose of working from whole to part is:


 to localize the errors and
 to control the accumulation of errors.
Object and Uses of Surveying
Object of surveying is to show relative positions of
various objects of an area on paper and produce plan or
map of that area. Various uses of surveying are listed
below:
 Plans prepared to record property lines of private,
public and government lands help in avoiding
unnecessary controversies.

 Maps prepared for marking boundaries of countries,


states, districts etc., avoid disputes.

 Locality plans help in identifying location of houses


and offices in the area.
Object and Uses of Surveying
 Road maps help travellers and tourist.

 Topographic maps showing natural features like


rivers, streams, hills, forests help in planning irrigation
projects and flood control measures.

 For planning and estimating project works like roads,


bridges, railways, airports, water supply and waste
water disposal surveying is required.

 Marine and hydrographic survey helps in planning


navigation routes and harbours.
Object and Uses of Surveying
 Military survey is required for strategic planning.

 Mine surveys are required for exploring minearl wealth.

 Geological surveys are necessary for determining


different strata in the earth crust so that proper location
is found for reservoirs.

 Archeological surveys are useful for unearthing relics of


antiquity.

 Astronomical survey helps in the study of movements


of planets and for calculating local and standard times.
The role of Surveying in Civil Engineering Practice

The planning and design of all Civil Engineering


projects such as:
 construction of highways,
 construction of highways,
 bridges,
 tunnels,
 dams,
… etc are based upon surveying measurements.
The role of Surveying in Civil Engineering Practice

Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all


Civil Engineering projects.

Other principal works in which surveying is


primarily utilised are:
 to fix the national and state boundaries;
 to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;
 to establish control points;
 To collect field data;
 To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed;
 To analyse and to calculate the field parameters for
setting out operation of actual engineering works.
The role of Surveying in Civil Engineering Practice

Surveying activities during the construction process

Before Under construction After construction


Construction
Planning and Setting out on each Final (as-built)
data collection phase plan or map
of construction on the construction
Observations
in the field
Presenting
Processing the Field checks of documentation
observations construction to the client
(office)
Drawing maps,
plans or providing Deformation
Providing data
numerical data Monitoring/
and services to
the client Load Tests
Presenting
documentation
to the client
Q&A

? T h a n ks !

Reading Assignment:
 History of Surveying

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