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11 views20 pages

history

his new ciricumlum

Uploaded by

bp804199
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CIVIL SOCIETY AND NON-

GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS IN
EAST AFRICA

Competency:

Learners understand the Civil Society and non-governmental


organizations and analyse their roles and challenges they face
in promoting community welfare.
Learning outcomes
a. Know the difference between Civil Society Organisations (CSOs),
and Non- governmental Organisations (NGOs). (k)

b.Understand the role of a CSOs and NGOs. (u, k)

c.Appreciate the challenges facing CSOs and NGOs in Uganda. (u)

d.Appreciate the role of Civil Society and NGOs in the development of


the country(u, k,v) school and country. (u)
Differences between ;Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs) and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs)

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):


• NGOs are non-profit, voluntary groups that are organized on a local,
national, or international level.
• They are independent from governments and are driven by people
with a common interest or mission.
• NGOs engage in a variety of activities, such as humanitarian work,
environmental advocacy, human rights promotion, and more.
• They are often focused on addressing social, economic, or
environmental issues that are not adequately handled by
governments or the private sector.
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs):

•This are a broad category of organizations that operate independently of governments


and the private sector, often with the goal of advocating for public interests and
promoting social, economic, and political change.

•Includes not just NGOs, but also community groups, labour unions, indigenous groups,
charitable organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations, and
foundations.

•CSOs operate independently from the state and the private sector and are vital in
representing the interests and will of citizens. They play a crucial role in fostering public
participation, advocating for social justice, and holding governments accountable.
Historical Background of NGOs:

•Early Origins:

In the 18th and 19th Centuries:

 Non-governmental, voluntary organizations began to form in Europe and North America, focusing on issues such as ;

i) poverty alleviation,
ii) education, and
iii) the abolition of slavery.
For example,

• The anti-slave trade activists : For stopping slave trading activities from Africa to the out-side world

• The Humanitarian activists: i.e the Red Cross/Red Crescent, founded in 1863 by Henry Dunant in Switzerland.
Established to provide care to those wounded in battle, regardless of their nationality
Early 20th Century NGOs:

After World War I, organizations like Save the Children were established to provide relief to children war-torn
regions.

After World War II United Nations (UN) was created, which further spurred the growth of international NGOs
; Oxfam, founded in 1942, and CARE, established in 1945, focused on post-war relief and development.

The Cold War period saw NGOs becoming increasingly involved in advocacy and policy influence, especially
• human rights,
• environmental protection,

• and development

• and challenging government policies


• and advocating for social justice.
The late 20th century
There was globalization, advances in communication
technologies, and increased awareness of global issues
international development, environmental conservation, and
human rights advocacy.
• )Amnesty International (founded in 1961) and

• Greenpeace (founded in 1971)


In the 21st Century

• Many NGOs were formed to play a critical role in


addressing global challenges such as;
i) climate change,
ii)poverty,
iii)human rights violations, and
iv) public health crises like the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the
COVID-19 pandemic.
ACTIVITIES OF NGOs IN UGANDA

In 1980s marked a significant period for the growth of NGOs


in Uganda.
During this time, the country experienced:
• civil conflict esp.in Northern Uganda,
• economic decline,
• and the HIV/AIDS epidemic,
leading to an increased need for humanitarian assistance and
development work.
Legal Framework and Regulation:
• The NGO sector in Uganda is regulated by several
laws, including the NGO Act of 2016, which
established the National Bureau for Non-
Governmental Organizations as the regulatory
body.
• This Act was designed to provide a framework for
the registration, regulation, and oversight of NGOs
operating in the country.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF NGOS

1. Promote Human Rights and Social Justice


2. Provide Access to Quality Education
3. Enhance Public Health and Well-being
4. Alleviate Poverty and Promote Economic Development
5. Support Environmental Conservation
6. Empower Women and Promote Gender Equality
7. Provide Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief
8. Promote Democratic Governance and Civic Participation
9. Protect and Support Vulnerable Populations
10. Foster Peace and Conflict Resolution
Categories of NGOs

i) Operational NGOs and


ii)Advocacy NGOs.
1. Operational NGOs

• These are primarily focused on the direct implementation of


projects and programs aimed at bringing about specific
changes within communities.
• These organizations typically work at the grassroots level,
addressing immediate needs and providing essential services
to targeted populations.
Examples:

i)Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières), which


provides medical care in conflict zones and areas affected by
epidemics, and
ii)Habitat for Humanity, which builds affordable housing for low-
income families, are examples of operational NGOs.
Characteristics of operational NGOs:

• Are action-oriented, emphasizing the delivery of services and implementation of projects. i.e building infrastructure, providing
healthcare, distributing food, educating communities,or offering emergency relief.

• Mobilizing resources such as funds, materials,

• Use volunteers to carry out their projects.

• Rely on donations, grants,

and partnerships with other organizations or governments to sustain their operations.

Have hierarchical structures with professional staff members to plan and manage projects,

Have fieldworkers execute these plans on the ground for efficiently resource

Handle service delivery (like healthcare and education), environmental conservation, emergency relief (such as responding to natural
disasters), and public welfare initiatives.
2. Advocacy or Campaigning NGOs
These focus on influencing policy and promoting systemic change
through political and social advocacy.

These organizations work to;

• shape public opinion,

• influence policymakers,

• drive societal change on a larger scale to create awareness in the


public on a number of issues. Such as
• political and
• social awareness
Characteristics of Advocacy NGOs:

• Aim at promoting systemic political change by influencing government policies, corporate practices, or international laws.

• Their efforts often include lobbying, campaigning, and engaging with media to raise awareness about specific issues.

• effectively communicate with supporters, policymakers, and the public.

• Keeping supporters informed, motivated, and engaged is crucial for sustaining long-term campaigns and initiatives.

• frequently organize public demonstrations, rallies, and other events designed to draw media attention

• raise awareness about their causes.

• They create public pressure and compel decision-makers to act.

• Often concentrate on human rights issues, such as advocating for the rights of women, children, and marginalized communities.

• They may also work on environmental justice, labor rights, and other global issues requiring policy change and public support.
Classification of NGOs

NGOs can be categorized based on:

i) their orientation and

ii)levels of operation.
Charitable Orientation:

Focuses on top-down efforts to provide assistance with minimal involvement from the beneficiaries.

Service Orientation:

Includes providing essential services such as healthcare, education, and family planning.

Program Design:

These NGO designs and manages the programs, with services delivered directly to the people in need.

Participatory Orientation:

Encourages local communities to actively participate in self-help projects.

Implementation:

Community members are involved in decision-making and execution, fostering ownership and sustainability of the projects.

Empowering Orientation:

Aims to empower marginalized groups by helping them understand and address the social, political, and economic factors that impact their lives.

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