Vascular Seed Plants

Pollen
Vascular Seed Plants Seeds
Flowers
Fruits
Secondary Growth

1
2
3

4
5
fruits
6

P.117

Note these characteristics Pine is one type of Gymnosperm

This will help you with the This is what we will examine in lab
major lineages.
 Primary vs. Secondary Growth
Found in Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

Primary Growth Secondary Growth

 Vascular Seed Plants
• Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

• Most productive plants because they have pollen

and seeds.
• Pollen removes the need for water to reproduce.
• Seeds are a protective “case” with a source of food.
 Pollen Grain
• A pollen grain is a (male)
microgametophyte.

• The pollen grain has only

three cells.

• This is highly reduced

from the other
gametophytes we have A microgametophyte
is the gametophyte
examined thus far
that produces sperm
• Remember, don’t need
water for fertilization. More on this later!
 Seed
• A seed’s coat gives Seed Coat -
protection to the next offers protection
generation Endosperm
• Endosperm – Food!
tissue from the parent that
is used as a food source by
the developing embryo
• Seed contains tissue from
three generations (parent
sporophyte, gametophyte,
new sporophyte - embryo)

More on this later! Embryo

 Vascular Seed Plants
• Gymnosperms – “naked seeds” – do not have an
ovary that later becomes the fruit. They have
cones!
• Angiosperms (flowering plants) – “covered
seeds” – have an ovary (the covering) that later
becomes the fruit
 Conifers – Pine Trees

Thick “skin” and cuticles.

Less surface area
Questions 7.1 and 7.2
Not much water evaporation!
In dry and cold areas these characteristics save water.
 Make sure you know
Pinecones the difference between
the two cones

A cone has a tight cluster of scales specialized

for reproduction.

Female Cone (3rd year) Male Cone

 Look at the Pinecones
Make sure you know
Location of sporangium (meiosis) the difference between
the two cones.

Female Cone
Male Cones
(3rd year)

Question 7.3
Pine Tree – Reproduction is a 3 Year Cycle
2nd year female 1st year
cone female cone

male cone

3rd year
female cone
 Alternation of Generations
Meiosis Spore
Sporophyte
(n)
(2n)
*only one cell Last Lab
Mosses &
Mitosis Ferns!

Zygote (2n)
*only one cell Mitosis

Fertilization

Gametes Gametophyte
(n) (n)
Mitosis
 Use this as a basic framework for
Conifers and Flowering Plants the seed plants!

All seed plants are all heterosporous

 Part 2 – Conifer Life Cycle - Male
Every table get two dissecting and two compound scopes out!

1st - get a male cone slide and look

at it using a dissecting scope

2nd look at the pollen side under a

compound scope

• Work on questions 7.4 – 7.7

This is pollen
Male cone
3

1 = a scale

2 = microspores
(later the microspores become pollen inside
the microsporangium)

3 = the microsporangium
(red or blue circle)

3
2

Questions 7.4-7.7
 Male (Pollen Cones)
A Closer Look
• Pollen cones - Has lots of scales!

• Microsporangium on each scale (First, this is the

site of meiosis (form microspore). Lots of
microspores (n) within each microsporangium.

• Each microspore forms wings and goes through a

few rounds of mitotic cell division to become the
male gametophyte.

• Male gametophyte = pollen grain – is released.

 Use this as a basic framework for
Conifers and Flowering Plants the seed plants!

All seed plants are all heterosporous

 Remember,
Pines are
See p. 120 heterosporous!

Male start
here!
Look at the
inner circle!

Parent Sporophyte megaspores

 Female start
here!

See p. 120 Look at the

outer circle!

Female slide

Parent Sporophyte megaspores

 Female cone
This is the slide
you are
examining

1st year cone parent

sporophyte Ovule at #5 in life cycle

Mega-
sporangium
(ovule)

ovule
All = seed later in the life
cycle

Questions
7.8 & 7.9
Young Female Cone Mature Female Ovule
You did not examine this stage
 Female Cones
• Seed cones = female cones
• Megasporangium = Ovule There are two
ovules on each scale (site of meiosis)
• Only one megaspore (n) within each
megasporangium survives
• The megaspore (inside the ovule) goes
through a few rounds of cell division –
becomes the female gametophyte
• Egg is found within the female
gametophyte in the archegonia, which, in
turn, is inside the megasporangium
 Female start
here!

See p. 120 Look at the

outer circle!

Female slide

Parent Sporophyte megaspores

 Question
7.10
Seeds

Three components of a seed:

Three generations in a seed:
1. Embryo sporophyte
1. Parent sporophyte
2. Food for embryo sporophyte
2. Gametophyte
3. Seed coat -
3. New sporophyte - embryo
(outer covering for protection)
 Make Sure You Know and
Understand the Following

• Female gametophyte within female

sporophyte (megagametophyte within the
ovule = the megasporangium)
• Seed contains tissue from three
generations (sporophyte, gametophyte,
new sporophyte - embryo)
• Embryo grows into a mature sporophyte =
pine tree
Question The Relationship Between Sporophyte and
7.11
Gametophyte Has Evolved Over Time

Think about the only location you have gametophyte tissue in a pine tree!
 Use this as a basic framework for
Conifers and Flowering Plants the seed plants!

Question
7.12 All seed plants are all heterosporous
 Angiosperms
Angiosperm = flowering plants (over 270,000 species)
most dominant plant lineage.

• Ovule inside an ovary.

• Ovule becomes the seed.

• The ovary becomes the fruit
– (e.g., watermelon, apple, green bean).

• Angiosperms produce “true flowers and fruits”.

• Fruits have an intimate relationships with animals (e.g.,

squires and insects).
 Carpel – stigma, Flowers
Flowers are
style and ovary leaves that have
been modified
Stamen – anther for reproduction
and filament

Ovule = the female

sporangium & gametophyte

The ovule and all the

contents and will ultimately Know your flower parts!
become the seed

Question 7.13
 no

Note:
In picture the green is the ovary, and the pink is the ovule with gametophyte inside the ovary!
 See p. 123

Female gametophyte
after fertilization

Zygote becomes the embryo – next sporophyte generation!

 One Anther

Anther Microsporangium

One Anther

Ovary

Questions 7.14 & 7.15

Remember microgametophyte = pollen

In the microsporangium

At this point in development, meiosis is taking place. This will result in the formation of spores.

Later, the spores will go through mitosis and form the microgametophyte (pollen).

Pollen is then released from the parent plant.

 Q 7.16
See p. 124

7 cells/8 nuclei

2 3
1

5
4 6

“Green fingers” = ovule

= megasporangium
Only the stuff in the
“red circle” =
What is double fertilization? What are the products? megagametophyte
 Questions 7.17 & 7.18

What is fertilization?

Make sure you know the difference

between pollination and fertilization!
See fig. 6-H

becomes
(outside of it)

Fruit – the red part around the seeds!

 Mechanisms that
disperse seeds by
explosive action

Seed Dispersal Wings

Seeds within
berries and
other edible
fruits

Barbs
 Use this as a basic framework for
Conifers and Flowering Plants the seed plants!

Make a simple diagram of the

flowering plant life cycle All seed plants are all heterosporous
Pine Tree – Reproduction is a 3 Year Cycle
2nd year female 1st year
cone female cone

male cone

3rd year
female cone
The Relationship Between Sporophyte and
Gametophyte Has Evolved Over Time
 Vascular Plants

Vascular tissue found in:

Ferns
Gymnosperms (Pine)
Angiosperms