Thai Nguyen University

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Faculty of International Training

EE-0015
Power System Analysis and Design

Power Flow Analysis

Lecturer: Nguyen Minh Y, Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Faculty of International
Training
 6.0 Introduction
 Power systems
 Power plants
 Turbines (water, gas, steam, etc.)
 Generators (salient, round generator)
 Power stations
 Transformers
 Breakers, isolators, etc.
 Transmission systems
 Transmission line (conductor)
 Towers, insulators, shield wire, etc.
 Loads
 Industrial loads
 Commercial loads
2  Residential loads
  One-line diagrams
 9-bus power systems

 Steady-state operation of the system

 Identified by the value of 4 variables in each node: |V|, δ, P, Q

3 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  4 variables
 Voltage magnitude, V
 The magnitude of the voltage in each node
 Voltage angle, δ
 The phase angle of the voltage in each node
 Real node power, P
 The real power injected to the network (system) at each node
 Reactive node power, Q
 The reactive power injected to the network at each node

 For N-bus system

 4xN variables need to be cleared to identify the steady-state operation
of the system.
 These variables is interrelated to others by power flow equations
 Power depends on voltage magnitude and phase angle and vice
versus.

4 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Some entities in power systems
 System operators:
 The one who operates the whole power system.
 Example:
 Nationalload dispatching center (A0)
 Northern load dispatching center (A1)
 Transmission company:
 The one who owns and operates (and maintain) transmission systems.
 Example:
 National transmission corporation
 Power transmission company No. 1 (northern)
 Distribution company:
 The one who owns and operates (and maintain) the distribution
system.
 Example:
 Thai Nguyen Power Company

5 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Power system analysis?
 System operator’s problems
 Scheduling and operation
 Scheduling the generation of each generator in the system for the
next day.
 At 12:00 PM, schedule for 00:00 – 24:00 operation (12-36 hour
ahead).
 Planning
 Build new power plant (power source), new transmission lines, etc.
 To do this
 Various steady-state operation must be considered ahead of time.
 Power system analysis:
 Given, 2xN variable (V, δ, P, Q), other 2xN variable must be
estimated (calculated).
 Example:
 Operation: scheduling must not cause over load of the transmission
line, transformers.
6
  Scheduling and operation:
 Determine PG1, PG2, PG3, so that operation cost is minimized that
satisfy the load’s demand while ensuring no generator, line,
transformer over load.

7 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

 6.1 Radial Power Systems
 What is radial network?
 Unidirectional power
flows
 Voltage drops
 Distribution systems

8 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Example 1.
 A radial network in the below figure.

Transmission line
z = 0.088 + j0.465 Ohm/km
Feeder y = j3.534x10-6 S/km V = 220 kV
l = 100 km

Load
Sload = 250 MVA
PF = 0.9 Lagging
 Calculate
a) Voltage at the load.
b) Power losses in the transformer, transmission line
c) Efficiency of the system

9
 6.2 General Power Systems
 Example of a simple power system
 Generators
 Injecting power to the network
 Voltage sources
 Loads
 Extracting power from the network
 Transmission lines
 Transmitting the power
 Mesh-connections
 Node or bus

10 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Admittance matrix, Ybus
 Source transformation
 Voltage source and series
impedance to current
source and parallel
impedance

 System operators
 Use Ybus to express
 Configuration of the 1 3
network
 Parameter of the network

I bus YbusVbus 2
Ybus
4

11 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  How to construct Ybus
 Diagonal elements (self-
admittance)
n
Yii  yij j i
j 0

 Off-diagonal elements
(mutual admittance)
Yij Y ji - yij

 Power flow equation

 I1   Y11 Y12  Y1i  Y1n   V1 

 I  Y Or
Y22  Y2i  Y2 n  V2  I bus YbusVbus
 2   21  
         
     Ybus : admittance matrix
 Ii   Yi1 Yi 2  Yii  Yin   Vi 
Ibus : Bus current (injected at each bus)
          Vbus : Bus voltage (at each bus)
    
12  I n   Yn1 Yn 2 Yni Ynn  Vn 
 6.3 Solution Methods
 Gauss or Gauss-Seidel methods
 Concept x g (x)

 Iterations x ( k 1) g ( x ( k ) )
 Newton-Raphson methods
 Concept (0) (0)
 df  1  d2 f 
f ( x )    x   2  ( x (0) )2  ... c
(0) (0)

 dx  2!  dx 
 Iterations
c ( k ) c  f ( x ( k ) )
(k ) c ( k )
x  (k )
 df 
 
 dx 
13
x ( k 1)  x ( k )  x ( k )
  Gauss-Seidel method  Example
 Problem  Solve for x

f ( x ) 0 f ( x )  x 3  6 x 2  9 x  4 0

 Rewrite  Rewrite
1 3 6 2 4
x g (x) x  x  x  g ( x )
9 9 9
 Iteration  Iteration
 Assume x0 is solution  Assume x (0) 2
 Calculate the next assumption  Calculate

x ( k 1) g ( x ( k ) )
x (1)  g (2) 2.2222
k = 0,1,…
 Stopping condition
x (2)  g (2.2222) 2.5173

x ( k 1)  x ( k ) 

14 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Note
 Gauss-Seidel method needs many iterations to achieve the desired
accuracy.
 No guarantee for the convergence.
 If the initial estimate is chosen much different from the solution,
the process would diverge.

 Gauss-Seidel method with acceleration factors

 Add a factor in calculating the next assumption

x ( k 1)  x (k)   [ g ( x ( k ) )  x (k) ]

15 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Example 1.
 A radial network in the below figure.

Transmission line
Feeder z = 0.088 + j0.465 Ohm/km
V = 220 kV y = j3.534x10-6 S/km
l = 100 km

Load
Sload = 250 MVA
PF = 0.9 Lagging
 Calculate
a) Calculate admittance matrix Ybus.
b) Calculate voltage at load point using Gauss-Seidel method (1
iteration).

16
  Iterative calculation
 Receiving voltage
1. 127017.059221718
2. 112398.424132480
3. 103808.543561199
4. 102047.214177715
5. 100936.817819220
6. 100664.066544490
7. 100494.612147347
8. 100450.492999098
9. 100423.969218164
10. 100416.795316077

17 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Example.
 A radial network in the below figure.

Transmission line
z = 0.088 + j0.465 Ohm/km
y = j3.534x10-3 S/km
Feeder l = 100 km
VS = 110kV

Transformers
250 MVA, 110/220-kV, 3-phse, 60- Load
Hz Sload = 250 MVA
Zeq = 0.1 Ohm (high-side)
PF = 0.9 Lagging
Xm = 1290.6 Phm (high-side)

 Calculate
a) Voltage at the load.
b) Power losses in the transformer, transmission line
c) Efficiency of the system
18
19 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English
  Gauss-Seidel with n equations and n variables
 Problem
f1 ( x1 , x 2 ,..., xn ) c1
f 2 ( x1 , x 2 ,..., xn ) c2
..............................
f n ( x1 , x 2 ,..., xn ) cn
 Solve for one variable from each equations,

x1 c1  g1 ( x1 , x 2 ,..., xn )
x2 c2  g1 ( x1 , x 2 ,..., xn )
..............................
xn cn  g n ( x1 , x 2 ,..., xn )
 Initial assumption

x (0)
1
(0)
, x ,..., x
2
(0)
n  xi( k 1)  xi( k )   ( xi( kcal
1)
 xi( k ) )

20 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Quiz 4
 The power system in the below figure.
Line 1
Feeder z = 0.01 + j0.15 Ohm/km
V = 220 kV (line-line) y = j0.5x10-6 S/km
l = 100 km

Load 1 (3 phase)
Line 2 Sload = 100 MVA
z = 0.02 + j0.1 Ohm/km
PF = 0.9 Lagging
y = j0.25x10-6 S/km
l = 80 km
Load 2 (3 phase)
Sload = 50 MVA
 Calculate PF = 0.85 Lagging
a) Construct admittance matrix.
b) Calculate voltage at load 1 and 2 using Gauss-Seidel method with 1
iteration.
21
  Newton-Raphson method  Algorithm
 Problem  Assume x0 is solution
f ( x) c  Calculate the next
 Taylor’s series assumption
(1) (0) c (0)
(0)
1  d2 f 
(0) x x 
 df   df 
(0)
f ( x )    x   2  ( x (0) )2  ... c
(0) (0)

 dx  2!  dx   
 dx 
And so on
(0)
 df 
f ( x (0) )    x (0) c c ( k ) c  f ( x ( k ) )
 dx 
Or c ( k )
x ( k )  (k )
(0)  df 
 df   
c (0) c  f ( x (0) )   x (0)  dx 
 dx 
 Adding Δx to the initial guess x ( k 1)  x ( k )  x ( k )
(x0) to have next k = 0,1,…
approximation.  Stopping condition

22 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Example
 Solve for x  Δx
f ( x )  x 3  6 x 2  9 x  4 0 x (0)

c (0)

 50
 1.1111
(0)
 df  45
 Derivatives  
 dx 
df  Next assumption
3 x 2  12 x  9
dx
 Iteration x (1)  x (0)  x (0) 6  1.1111 4.8889
 Assume  Consequently,
x (0) 6
13.4431
x (2)  x (1)  x (1) 4.8889  4.2789
 Calculate 22.037
2.9981
(0) x (3)  x (2)  x (2) 4.2789  4.0405
 df  12.5797
  3 (6)2  12 (6)  9 45
 dx  0.3748
x (4)  x (3)  x (3) 4.0405  4.0011
9.4914
0.0095
x (5)  x (4)  x (4) 4.0011  4.0000
23 9.0126
  Simulation results

x (1) 4.8889 5.5

x (2) 4.2789
x (3) 4.0405 5
x (4) 4.0011
x (5) 4.0000 4.5

4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

24 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Newton-Raphson
 f(x) is blue curve
 Each iteration tracking
 Depending on the slope df/dx

50

40

30

20

10

-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

25 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Discussion
 Gauss-Seidel: Green circles
 Start at x0 = 2  solution = 4
 Newton-Raphson: Red circles
 Start at x0 = 2  solution = 1

50
f(x)
Gauss-Seidel
40
Newton-Raphson

30

20

10

-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

26 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Newton-Raphson for n-dimensional equations
 Solve system of equations
f1 ( x1 , x 2 ,..., xn ) c1  x1(k)   c1  f1(k) 
 (k)   (k) 
f 2 ( x1 , x 2 ,..., xn ) c2 x c  f
X (k)  2  C (k)  2 2 
..............................      
 (k)   (k) 
f n ( x1 , x 2 ,..., xn ) cn  xn  c 
 n n  f

 Jacobi matrix

(k)
  f  (k)  f1 
(k)
 f1  
 1        We have
  x1  x
 2  xn  
 (k) (k) (k) 

 f 2   f 2   f 2   C (k) J (k) X (k)
   
J (k)   x1  
x
 2

x
 n 

      X (k )  X (k)  X (k)
 (k) (k) (k) 
 n f   f n   f  
  x      n 
 1  x
 2  xn  

27 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Note
 J(k) is called the Jacobian matrix. Elements of this matrix are the
partial derivatives evaluated at X(k). It is assumed that J(k) has an
inverse during each iteration.
 This method, as applied to a set of nonlinear equations, reduces
the problem to solving a set of linear equations in order to
determine the values that improve the accuracy of the estimates.

28 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Discussion
 Gauss-Seidel: Green circles
 Start at x0 = 6  solution = 1
 Newton-Raphson: Red circles
 Start at x0 = 6  solution = 4

50

40

30

20

10

-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
29 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English
  System operator
 Schedule to the operation of
the system in the next day:
 Determine the power each
generator produce each hour
(or 30 min) of the next day.
 Each generator must follow
the schedule (except
emergency case)

 How to schedule
 Minimize the total cost.
 Supply enough for load
demand.
 Maintain the operation
under limits.

30 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

 6.4 Power Flow Solution
 Power flow studies
 Given
 Given the load (forecasted)
 The operation of generators
(Scheduled)
 Determine
 Power flows in each transmission
line. 1 3
 Power losses.
 Equivalent to
 Voltage magnitude, |Vi| Ybus
2 4
 Phase angle, δi

31 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Four quantities identify each node
(bus)
 Voltage magnitude, |V|
 Phase angle 
 Active power P
 Reactive power Q
 Three types of system buses
 Slack bus (Swing bus)
 What is slack bus? How many
“slack bus”?
 Given
 The voltage magnitude, |V| is
specified
 The phase angle,  is specified
 Unknown
 Real power, P
32  Reactive
Department of Electrical power, Q taught in English
Engineering
  Load bus (PQ bus)
 What is load bus?
 Given
 The real power, P is specified
 The reactive power, Q is specified
 Unknown
 The voltage magnitude, |V|
 The phase angle, δ
 Voltage-controlled bus (PV bus)
 What is load bus?
 Given
 The real power, P is specified
 The voltage magnitude, |V|
 Unknown
 The reactive power, Q is specified
 The phase angle, δ
33 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English
  Power Flow Equation
 Consider the  models
 Admittances, yij
 Admittance, yi0

 The node current

n n
Ii Vi  yij  yV ij j j i
j 0 j 1

Or
Ii  yi 0Vi  y i1 (Vi  V1 )  yi 2 (Vi  V2 )  ...  yin (Vi  Vn )
( yi 0  y i1  yi 2  ...  yin )Vi  yi1V1  yi 2V2  ...  yinVn

 The active and reactive power at bus I

Pi  jQi Pi  jQi n n

Ii  Substitute *
Vi  yij  yV ij j j i
Vi * Vi j 0 j 1

34 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Power Flow by Gauss-Seidel
 Power flow equation

Pi  jQi n n
Vi  yij  yV ij j j i
Vi * j 0 j 1

 In Gauss-Seidel, f ( x ) 0 x ( k 1)  g (x ( k ) )
 Power flow equation

Pi sch  jQisch
(k)   yijV j(k)
(k 1) Vi *
Vi  j i
 yij
Where,
 yij is the actual admittance in per unit,
 P sch Qisch are the scheduled real and reactive power in per
i
unit. It is positive with the generator bus, but negative with the load
bus.

35 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Load bus
 Psch and Qsch are given

Pi sch  jQisch
(k)   yijV j(k)
(k 1) Vi *
Vi  j i
y ij

 Voltage-controlled bus (generator bus)

 Qsch is unknown
 Reactive power must be determined as follows.

 *( k )  (k ) n n
(k )  

 Vi  yij   yijV j  
( k 1)
Q i  Vi j i
  j 0 j 1  

36 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  In term of Ybus
Yij = -yij
Yii = yij

 Thus, Pi sch  jQisch

Vi *(k)
  ij j
Y V (k)

Vi (k 1)  j i
Yii

 Reactive power of generator bus

 *( k )  (k ) n
(k )  

 Vi Yii   YijV j  
( k 1)
Q i  Vi j i
  j 1  

37 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Example 6.5:
 Figure 6.4 shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus
power system with generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage
at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 p.u. The scheduled loads at buses 2
and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked
in p.u on a 100-MVA base and the line charging susceptances are
neglected.

38 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Admittance matrix, Ybus
20.0000 -50.0000i -10.0000 +20.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i
-10.0000 +20.0000i 26.0000 -52.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i
-10.0000 +30.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i 26.0000 -62.0000i
1.015 0
V2mag V2ang
1.01 -0.01
V3mag V3ang
1.005 -0.02

1 -0.03

0.995 -0.04

0.99 -0.05

0.985 -0.06

0.98 -0.07
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

 Voltage magnitude and phase angle at bus 2 and 3.

 Power loss
 P12 = 18.02 MW P13 = 14.8 MW P23 = 1.7 MW

39 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  Example 6.6:
 Figure 6.5 shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus
power system with generator at bus 1 and 3. Line impedances are
marked in p.u on a 100-MVA base, and the line charging
susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the
Gauss-Seidel method including line flows and line losses.

40 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English

  The voltage magnitude and phase angle at bus 2 and 3.

1.05
0.02
V2ang
0.01
V3ang
0
V2mag
-0.01
1
V3mag
-0.02

-0.03

-0.04
0.95
0 2 4 6 8 10 -0.05
0 2 4 6 8 10

1.8
 Reactive power at bus 3. Q3
1.6

 Power loss 1.4

 P12 = 18.7 MW 1.2

1
 P13 = 0.56 MW 0.8

 P23 = 21.79 MW 0.6

0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10

41 Department of Electrical Engineering taught in English