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Chapter 4

This chapter introduces the concepts of formulas and functions in Excel, explaining their roles in performing calculations. It covers the formula bar, how to enter formulas, and the use of the fill handle, along with various types of functions including mathematical, statistical, logical, and date/time functions. Additionally, it discusses referencing data through relative, absolute, and mixed references, as well as 3-D referencing across multiple worksheets.

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21 views

Chapter 4

This chapter introduces the concepts of formulas and functions in Excel, explaining their roles in performing calculations. It covers the formula bar, how to enter formulas, and the use of the fill handle, along with various types of functions including mathematical, statistical, logical, and date/time functions. Additionally, it discusses referencing data through relative, absolute, and mixed references, as well as 3-D referencing across multiple worksheets.

Uploaded by

robertnketsang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER - 3

4.0 Introduction
4.1 What are Formulas and Functions?
4.2 The Formula Bar
4.3 Entering Formulas
4.5 Using the Fill Handle
4.6 Mathematical Functions
Trunc . Sum , SumIF , Ceiling , Round , RoundUP , RoundDown
4.6.1 Statistical Functions
Average , AverageIF , Count , CountIF , Max ,Min
4.6.2 Logical Functions
AND , FALSE , IF , NOT , OR ,TRUE
4.6.3 Date and Time Functions
DATE, DAY , HOUR , MINUTE
4.6.4 Lookup and Reference Functions
COLUMN , ROW , LOOKUP , VLOOKUP
4.7 Referencing Data
Relative , Absolute Mixed
3-D Referencing
INTRODUCTION
This lesson introduces formulas and the different elements that are required to write
a formula.
Values
Values are any numerical data entered in a worksheet. Once values are entered in the
worksheet, they can be used in formulas.
Formulas
Formulas are values, but unlike regular values, formulas contain information to
perform a numerical calculation, such as adding, subtracting, or multiplying. A cell
with the formula =5+3 will display the result of the calculation: 8.
All formulas must start with an equal sign (=). Then you specify more information: the
values you want to calculate and the arithmetic operator(s) or function name(s)
you want to use to calculate the values.
 Operators are the basic symbols used in mathematics: + (plus), - (minus), /
(divide), * (multiply). In Excel, you use these just as you would to write out a math
problem.
 Functions are used more often in Excel. Functions are pre-made formulas that you
can use as shortcuts, or to perform calculations that are more complicated
What are Formulas and Functions?

The ability to perform calculations is one of the purposes of using a


spreadsheet application.
Some examples of the types of calculations that can be done are:
. totals
. subtotals
. average
. standard deviation
In Excel,the calculation can be specified using either a formula or a
function.
. Formulas are self-defined instructions for performing calculations.
. In contrast, functions are pre-defined formulas that come with Excel.
In either case, all formulas and functions are entered in a cell and must
begin with an equal sign ’=’.
The Formula Bar

It displays the formula or function if you


point to a cell that contains either. You
can use the formula bar to directly enter a
function or formula or insert a function.
Entering Formulas
A formula starts with an equal sign, followed by:
 Values or cell references joined by an operator.
Example: =5+3 or =A1+A2
 A function name followed by parentheses containing function arguments. Functions are the most common
way to enter formulas in Excel.
Example: =SUM(A1:A2)
Enter a formula with an operator
1. Click a cell where you want to enter a formula.
2. Type =, then type cell references and operators.
You can also enter the formula in the Formula Bar.
3. Press <Enter>.
The formula calculates the result and displays it in the cell where you entered it.
Enter a formula with a function
1. Click a cell where you want to enter a formula.
2. Click the Insert Function button in the Formula Bar.
Using the Fill Handle
Fill is a great way to enter sequential numbers,
months or days quickly. Fill looks at cells that
you have already filled in and makes a guess
about how you want to fill in the rest of the
series.
1. Select a cell or cell range that contains the
data and increment you want to use.
Excel can detect patterns pretty easily. A series
of 1, 2, 3, 4 is easy to detect, as is 5, 10, 15,
20. It can also detect a pattern with mixed
numbers and letters, such as UPV-3592, UPV-
3593, UPV-3594.
2. Position the mouse pointer over the fill
handle (the tiny box in the cell’s lower-right
corner) until the pointer changes to a plus
sign .
3. Click and drag the fill handle to the cells that
you want to fill with the information.
As you click and drag, a screen tip appears
previewing the value that will be entered in
the cell once you release the mouse button
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS

When you combine several operations and functions into a single formula, Excel performs the
operations in a predetermined order.
When a formula contains several operators with the same precedence, Excel calculates the formula
from left to right. You can change the order by enclosing the part of the formula you want Excel to
calculate first in parentheses. The table below, Order in Which Excel Performs operations in Formulas,
is a good reference for how to structure formulas with multiple operations.
Statistical Functions
Overview of Statistical Functions
AVERAGE
=AVERAGE(number1, number2…)
Calculates the average, or arithmetic mean, of the numbers in the range or arguments.
COUNT
=COUNT(number1, number2…)
Counts the number of cells that contain numbers, including dates and formulas. Ignores all blank cells and cells that contain text
or errors.
COUNTA
=COUNTA(number1, number2…)
Counts the number of cells in a range that are not empty.
COUNTIF
=COUNTIF(range,criteria)
Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given condition.
MAX
=MAX(number1, number2…)
Returns the largest value in a range. Ignores logical values and text.
MEDIAN
=MEDIAN(number1, number2…)
Returns the median, or the number in the middle of the set of given numbers.
MIN
=MIN(number1, number2…)
Returns the smallest value in a set of numbers. Ignores logical values and text.
Mathematical Functions
ABS
=ABS(number)
Determines the absolute value of a number. The absolute value of a number is the number
without its sign.
ACOS
=ACOS(number)
Returns the arccosine of an angle. ACOS is the inverse of the COS function.
ACOSH
= ACOSH(number)
Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.
AGGREGATE
=AGGREGATE(…)
Returns an aggregate in a list or database.
ASIN
=ASIN(number)
Returns the arcsine of an angle. ASIN is the inverse of the SIN function.
Logical Functions
Overview of Logical Functions
AND AND(logical1,logical2, . Checks whether all arguments are TRUE, and returns
..) TRUE if all arguments are TRUE.
FALSE FALSE() Returns the logical value FALSE.
IF IF(logical_test,value_if_t Checks whether a condition is met, and returns one value if
rue,value_if_false) TRUE, and another value if FALSE.
IFERROR IFERROR(value,value_i Returns value_if_error if expression is an error and the
f_error) value of the expression itself otherwise.
NOT NOT(logical) Changes FALSE to TRUE, or TRUE to FALSE.
OR OR(logical1,logical2,...) Checks whether any of the arguments are TRUE, and
returns TRUE or FALSE. Returns FALSE only if all
arguments are FALSE.
TRUE TRUE() Returns the logical value TRUE.
Date and Time Functions
Information functions
Referencing Data
RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE CELL REFERENCES
Formulas can contain numbers, like 5 or 8, but more often
they reference the contents of cells. A cell reference
tells Excel where to look for values you want to use in
a formula. For example, the formula =A5+A6 adds the
values in cells A5 and A6.
Using cell references is advantageous because if you
change the values in the referenced cells, the formula
result automatically updates using the new values.
There are two types of cell references: relative and
absolute.
 Relative: Relative references refer to cells in relation
to the cell that contains the formula. When the
formula is moved, it references new cells based on
their location relative to the formula. Relative
references are the default type of references in Excel.
 Absolute: Absolute references always refer to the
same cell, even Absolute references are indicated
with dollar signs ($A$1) in formulas. Pressing <F4>
changes a cell reference to absolute.
Mixed : Refers to a method of referencing that uses both
absolute and relative referencing in the same formula
3-D Referencing

• 3D-Reference is an excel function that allows a user to manipulate values across


several worksheets. It is essentially a formular or function whose values(or
arguments) are in more than one sheet.For example , it allows the user to sum up
all the worksheets with the same format. The purpose of this function is to save
the time and effort in entering a formula for each worksheet. Entering a formula
once would work for all other worksheets.
• How to make a function that applies to all the worksheets
1. Ensure that all the worksheets are the same format. If the total figure for one
worksheet is in a particular cell ensure that it is the same for all other worksheets.
2. Place all the worksheets wanted for 3D reference side by side.
3. Hold shift and click on the worksheet farthest to the left and while holding shift,
click on the 3D-reference worksheet farthest to the right. This step is to group all
the different worksheets and make them "act as one". After this step is complete,
whatever function, input, or anything applied to one particular cell in a worksheet
will apply to all the worksheets grouped.
CHAPTER - SUMMARY
In this chapter you learnt of the following
• What are Formulas and Functions: You discovered that Formulas are self-defined instructions for
performing calculations. In contrast, functions are pre-defined formulas that come with Excel.
• The Formula Bar: is used in the display and entering of formulas and functions
• Entering Formulas : Can be entered directly or inserted through the formula bar.
• Using the Fill Handle: Used to copy formulas and functions to adjacent cells diagonally or
horizontally.
• Mathematical Functions
• Examples : Trunc . Sum , SumIF , Ceiling , Round , RoundUP , RoundDown
• Statistical Functions
• Examples: Average , AverageIF , Count , CountIF , Max ,Min
• Logical Functions
• Examples : AND , FALSE , IF , NOT , OR ,TRUE
• Date and Time Functions
• Examples : DATE, DAY , HOUR , MINUTE
• Lookup and Reference Functions
• Examples : COLUMN , ROW , LOOKUP , VLOOKUP
• Referencing Data
Relative , Absolute Mixed
3-D Referencing

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