Database Management System

Week 01

Introduction to Databases
Engr. Rashid Farid Chishti
http://youtube.com/rfchishti
http://sites.google.com/site/chis
hti International Islamic University H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan
Course Objectives
 Understand the fundamental concepts of databases
 Learn the importance and applications of DBMS
 Differentiate between traditional file systems and modern databases
 Types of Database Users
 Real-Life Examples of Databases
What is a Database ?
 Definition: A database is an organized collection of data that can be easily
accessed, managed, and updated.
 Examples:
 Banking systems
 University records

Why should we use databases ?

 Database systems are used to manage collections of data that are:
 Highly valuable
 Relatively large
 Accessed by multiple users and applications, often at the same time.

 A modern database system is a complex software system whose task is to

manage a large, complex collection of data.

What is a DBMS ?
 A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that enables users to
store, retrieve, manage, and manipulate data in a database.

 Role of DBMS: It provides an interface between the database and end users or
application programs.

 Examples of DBMS:
 MySQL – Open-source RDBMS widely used for web applications.

 PostgreSQL – Advanced, object-relational DBMS known for extensibility.

 MongoDB – NoSQL DBMS that stores data in JSON-like documents.

 Oracle Database – Enterprise-level RDBMS used in large-scale applications.

Applications of DBMS (1/4)
 Banking and Finance
 Transaction Management: Manages deposits, withdrawals, and transfers.
 Customer Management: Stores customer details and account information.
 Risk Management: Analyzes large datasets to detect fraud.
 Healthcare
 Patient Records: Maintains medical history, prescriptions, and test reports.
 Hospital Management: Tracks doctors, staff, and resource allocation.
 Billing and Insurance: Automates billing and claim processes.
 Education
 Student Information Systems: Manages student records, grades, and attendance.
 Library Management: Tracks book inventory, lending, and returns.
 Course Management: Organizes course materials and schedules.
Applications of DBMS (2/4)
 E-Commerce
 Product Catalogs – Stores product details, inventory, and prices.
 Order Management – Manages orders, payments, and shipping.
 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) – Tracks customer preferences and
feedback.
 Telecommunications
 Call Data Records – Manages logs of calls and messages.
 Billing Systems – Tracks usage and automates billing.
 Network Management – Monitors network performance and resources.
 Manufacturing
 Inventory Management – Tracks raw materials, finished products, and
supply chain logistics.
 Production Planning – Helps in scheduling and resource allocation.
Applications of DBMS (3/4)
 Quality Control – Monitors production quality and testing.
 Government and Public Sector
 Citizen Records – Stores data on citizens, such as tax records and licenses.
 Law Enforcement – Manages criminal records and case files.
 E-Governance – Facilitates online services like voting and tax filing.
 Social Media
 User Data Management – Stores user profiles, posts, and connections.
 Analytics – Tracks user engagement and preferences.
 Security – Ensures data privacy and controls access.
 Logistics and Transportation
 Fleet Management – Tracks vehicles and delivery schedules.
 Ticket Booking – Manages ticket reservations and cancellations.
Applications of DBMS (4/4)
 Supply Chain Management: Monitors inventory movement and delivery.
 Entertainment and Media
 Content Management: Stores and manages digital content.
 Subscription Services: Tracks user subscriptions and payments.
 Advertising: Uses data analytics to target ads to users.
 Real Estate
 Property Management: Tracks listings, sales, and tenant information.
 Lease and Rent Management: Automates rent collection and lease renewals.
 Retail
 Point of Sale (POS) Systems – Manages sales transactions and inventory.
 Loyalty Programs – Tracks customer purchases and rewards.
Traditional File Systems
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration

Data Data Data
Files Files Files
Traditional File Systems
Library Examination Registration

Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number

Name Name Name

Father Name Address Father Name

Books Issued Class Phone

Fine Semester Address

Grade Class

 Data is directly stored in set of files.

 It contains flat files that have no relation to other files.
 Vulnerable to Inconsistency
Limitations of Traditional File Systems (1/4)
 Data Redundancy and Inconsistency
 Duplicate Data: The same data is stored in multiple files, leading to redundancy.
 Inconsistency: Changes in one file may not reflect in others, resulting in data
discrepancies.
 Lack of Data Integrity
 No Constraints: Traditional file systems lack mechanisms to enforce data integrity rules
(e.g., unique constraints, foreign keys).
 Data Errors: Manual checks are required to maintain accuracy, increasing the chance of
errors.
 Limited Data Sharing and Accessibility
 Restricted Access: Files are often tied to specific applications, limiting access to data
across different programs.
 Concurrency Issues: Multiple users accessing same file may cause conflicts & corruption.
Limitations of Traditional File Systems (2/4)
 Difficulty in Data Retrieval
 Complex Queries: Retrieving specific data requires complex programming.
 Lack of Search ability: Searching through files is inefficient and time-consuming.
 Poor Security
 No Access Control: File systems lack advanced access control mechanisms.
 Vulnerable to Unauthorized Access: Data can be easily accessed or modified by
unauthorized users.
 Data Isolation
 Scattered Data: Data is stored in separate files, making it hard to consolidate for analysis.
 Incompatibility: Different file formats across systems hinder seamless data integration.
Limitations of Traditional File Systems (3/4)
 Concurrency and Recovery Issues
 Concurrency Control: Traditional file systems lack mechanisms to handle concurrent data
access properly.
 No Automatic Recovery: Data loss due to system crashes or hardware failures often
results in permanent damage.
 Scalability Limitations
 Handling Large Data: File systems struggle to manage large volumes of data efficiently.
 Performance Degradation: As data grows, file access and management become slower.
 Limited Backup and Recovery Options
 Manual Backup: Backup processes are manual and prone to human error.
 No Transaction Logging: There is no mechanism to roll back or recover from partial
updates.
Limitations of Traditional File Systems (4/4)
 Application Dependency
 Tight Coupling – Files are created and managed by specific applications, leading to tight
coupling between data and software.
 Difficult Migration – Moving data between systems or applications is challenging.

 Comparison with DBMS:

 DBMS – Provides structured data management, supports concurrency, ensures data
integrity, and automates backup and recovery.
 File Systems – Simple to use but lacks advanced features required for complex data
management.
What is a Database Management System ?
 A Database Management System (DBMS) is an application software that allows
users to efficiently define, create, maintain and share databases.
 Defining a database involves specifying the data types, structures and

constraints of date to be stored in the database.

Advantages of Databases Over File Systems (1/4)
 Reduced Data Redundancy and Inconsistency
 Normalization: Databases eliminate duplicate data by storing information in related
tables.
 Consistency: Updates to data are reflected across all related records, ensuring data
remains consistent.
 Improved Data Integrity
 Constraints – Databases enforce rules such as primary keys, foreign keys, and unique
constraints to maintain data accuracy and reliability.
 Validation – Data entry is validated to prevent incorrect or invalid data.
 Enhanced Data Security
 Access Control – Databases allow user permissions at different levels (read, write,
delete).
 Encryption – Sensitive data can be encrypted, reducing the risk of unauthorized access.
Advantages of Databases Over File Systems (2/4)
 Efficient Data Retrieval and Management
 SQL Queries – Databases support complex queries to retrieve specific data quickly.
 Indexing – Data indexing speeds up search and retrieval processes.

 Data Sharing and Concurrency

 Multi-user Access – Multiple users can access and modify data concurrently without
conflicts. e.g. google drive.
 Concurrency Control – DBMS uses locking mechanisms to prevent data corruption.

 Backup and Recovery

 Automated Backup – Databases support automatic backup and point-in-time recovery.
 Transaction Logging – Changes are logged, allowing recovery from system failures.
Advantages of Databases Over File Systems (3/4)
 Data Integrity Across Applications
 Centralized Management – A single database can be used by different applications,
ensuring uniformity of data.
 Reduced Application Dependency – Changes in the database structure do not
necessarily affect application logic.

 Structured and Organized Storage

 Relational Models – Data is organized in tables with relationships, making it easier to
manage and update.
 Data Models – DBMS supports hierarchical, relational, and object-oriented models for
better organization.
Advantages of Databases Over File Systems (4/4)
 Scalability and Flexibility
 Horizontal and Vertical Scaling – Databases can scale to accommodate growing data
needs.
 Distributed Databases – Data can be distributed across different servers for faster access
and reliability.
 Concurrency and Transaction Management
 ACID Properties – Databases ensure Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability,
making transactions reliable.
 Rollback and Commit – Changes can be rolled back if errors occur, preserving data
integrity.
 Efficient Reporting and Analysis
 Data Analytics – DBMS supports data aggregation, reporting, and analytical queries.
 Business Intelligence – Advanced queries enable trend analysis and forecasting.
Types of Database Users
Users
interact
End users
Software

Application Application
Programmers
Programs develop
“What” to
get
DBMS Database
maintainAdministrators
“How” to
Data get
Database
design Designers
Database
Types of Database Users (1/4)
The main types of database users can be classified into four key categories based
on how they interact with the database system:

 1. Database Administrator (DBA)

 Role:

 Manages the overall database environment.

 Responsibilities:

 Database installation, configuration, and maintenance.

 Performance tuning and optimization.
 User management and access control.
 Backup and recovery.
 Ensuring database security and integrity.
Types of Database Users (2/4)
 2. Application Programmers/Developers
 Role:

 Create and maintain applications that interact with the database.

 Responsibilities:

 Write SQL queries, stored procedures, and triggers.

 Develop front-end applications that access the database.
 Optimize database interactions in applications.
 Ensure smooth data flow between applications and the database.
Types of Database Users (3/4)
 3. System Analysts and Designers
 Role:

 Design the database structure to meet business needs.

 Responsibilities:

 Define tables, schemas, and relationships.

 Analyze data requirements and create database models.
 Ensure scalability and normalization of the database.
 Collaborate with developers and DBAs for implementation.

 Examples:

 Designing a hospital management system’s database.

 Planning database structures for an e-commerce platform.

Types of Database Users (4/4)
 4. End Users
 Role:

 Use the database through applications or direct queries.

 Types of End Users:

User Type Interaction Method Skill Level Examples

Graphical Interfaces, Managers,
Casual Users Basic
Predefined Forms Teachers
Applications, ATM users, Retail
Parametric Users Low
Predefined Queries Clerks
Direct SQL Queries, Data Analysts,
Sophisticated Users Advanced
Custom Scripts Researchers
Types of End Users (1/3)
 3.1 Casual Users
 Definition: Occasional users who access the database irregularly and do not

have deep knowledge of database query languages.

 Characteristics:

 Use graphical interfaces (GUIs) to interact with the database.

 Perform simple tasks such as generating reports or retrieving data.

 Typically rely on predefined queries or forms.

 Examples:

 Managers running performance reports.

 Teachers accessing student records.

 Sales representatives retrieving customer information.

Types of End Users (2/3)
 3.2 Parametric Users (Naive Users)
 Definition: Users who perform routine tasks by interacting with applications

that access the database. They usually work with pre-defined queries and
forms.
 Characteristics:

 Use standard, repetitive procedures without modifying queries.

 Limited or no SQL knowledge – rely on applications.

 Large in number compared to other user types.

 Examples:

 Retail workers processing sales and inventory.

 ATM users performing deposits, withdrawals, and balance checks.

Types of End Users (3/3)
 3.3 Sophisticated Users
 Definition: Advanced users who directly interact with the database by

writing complex queries, scripts, or programs.

 Characteristics:

 Use SQL or other query languages.

 Perform data analysis, reporting, and custom query generation.

 Have a deep understanding of database structures.

 Examples:

 Data analysts conducting market research.

 Researchers running statistical queries.

Real-Life Examples of Databases (1/8)
 1. Banking and Finance
 Examples:

 Habib Bank Limited (HBL), MCB Bank, UBL

 State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) – National Credit Registry (NCR).
 Use Cases:

 Core banking systems managing millions of accounts and transactions.

 ATM networks and mobile banking apps.
 Fraud detection and financial reporting.
 Databases:

 Oracle, MS SQL Server, PostgreSQL

Real-Life Examples of Databases (2/8)
 2. Telecommunications
 Examples:

 Jazz, Telenor, Zong, Ufone

 Use Cases:

 Call detail records (CDRs).

 Customer data management (CRM).
 Billing and prepaid/postpaid services.
 Databases:

 Oracle, MongoDB, Cassandra.

Real-Life Examples of Databases (3/8)
 3. E-Government and Public Sector
 Examples:

 National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA)

 Pakistan Revenue Automation Limited (PRAL) – FBR tax system.
 Excise and Taxation Department – Vehicle registration databases.
 Use Cases:

 National identity card (CNIC) and biometric databases.

 Taxpayer records and online tax filing.
 Vehicle and property registration databases.
 Databases:

 Oracle, DB2.
Real-Life Examples of Databases (4/8)
 4. Healthcare
 Examples:

 Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital (SKMH)

 Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH)
 Sehat Card System (Government Health Insurance Program).
 Use Cases:

 Electronic medical records (EMR).

 Patient management systems.
 Laboratory and pharmacy databases.
 Databases:

 SQL Server, PostgreSQL.

Real-Life Examples of Databases (5/8)
 5. Education
 Examples:

 Higher Education Commission (HEC)

 National Testing Service (NTS)
 University Management Systems (NUST, LUMS, COMSATS).
 Use Cases:

 Student information systems.

 Degree verification and examination records.
 Online learning and library systems.
 Databases:

 PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB.

Real-Life Examples of Databases (6/8)
 6. E-Commerce
 Examples:

 Daraz, Foodpanda, OLX Pakistan

 Use Cases:

 Product catalogs and customer orders.

 Delivery tracking and inventory management.
 Customer reviews and recommendations.
 Databases:

 MongoDB, DynamoDB.
Real-Life Examples of Databases (7/8)
 7. Transportation and Logistics
 Examples:

 Pakistan Railways, PITB's Driving License Issuance System (DLIMS)

 Careem, Bykea
 Use Cases:

 Ticketing systems and passenger databases.

 Fleet and driver management systems.
 Real-time ride-hailing and route optimization.
 Databases:
 PostgreSQL, MySQL.
Real-Life Examples of Databases (8/8)
 8. Retail and Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)
 Examples:

 Metro Cash & Carry, Carrefour, Imtiaz Super Market

 Use Cases:

 Inventory and sales databases.

 Loyalty programs and customer profiles.
 Supply chain management.
 Databases: Oracle, SQL Server.