Interpretatio

n
 After the data is collected and analysed using several
data analysis methods, the next task is to draw
Inferences from these data.
 In other words, Interpretation of data needs to be done,
so as to derive certain conclusions, which is the whole
purpose of the research study.

Definition
 "Interpretation to the process of making sense
of
refers numerical has been collected, analysed
and
data that
presented".
Need of
Interpretation
 Maintaining Continuity of Research
 Pointers for further Research
 Communicate Significance of Research
 Transition of Exploratory Research to Experimental
Research
Techniques of
Interpretation
Steps

1. Explanations of the relations which the researcher has

found during the research study
2. Interpretation of the lines of relationship in terms of
the underlying processes
3. Finding thread of uniformity that lies beneath the
diversified research findings and thereby, forming
generalizations and theories.
Techniques of
Interpretation
Steps

4. Extraneous information, collected during the study,

must also be considered while interpreting the final
results of research study, as it may result in better
understanding of the problem in hand.
5. Consulting an expert having an insight of the research
study who points out omissions and errors in logical
argumentation will result in correct interpretation and,
add to usefulness of the research results.
Techniques of
Interpretation
Step
s

6. All factor affecting the problem

relevant s must be
considered befor
Generalizations. formin
Otherwise, it mayInterpretations
lead to
e
incorrect conclusions. g or
Precautions in
Interpretation
1. Ensure Proper Data
Collection
2. Data Analysis
3. Errors can Arise
4. Results of Hypothesis
Testing
5. Statistical Measures
6. Avoid Broad
Generalizations
7. Quality of Interpretation
Difference Between Analysis &
Interpretation
 Analysis helps in describing general trends
in the data and
differences and similarities among data points.
 Interpretation, on the other hand, relates data to the
objectives of the research, explores relationships
between multiple measures, qualifies and amplifies
data, draws inferences and evaluates
Difference Between Analysis &
Interpretation
 Analysis is made on the basis of observed data to
identify the pattern. This trend or pattern gives useful
information about the design or system.
 Interpretation involves things like predicting the
outcome, observing the output response and
associating meaning to that output. In other words,
making the numerical data speak is the purpose of
Interpretation.
Difference Between Analysis &
Interpretation
 Analysis is the information deciphered
after collecting the
data (Trend or routine).
 Interpretation explainsthe reasonsbehind the trend
or a prevailing practice (Why the trend?).

 For instance, decipheringthe patterns of monsoon

over several years refers to Analysis.
 The reasonsbehind this trend will be explained
through Interpretation.
Research Report
Writing
 Dr. Shlesinger and M. Stephenson in the encyclopaedia
of Social Sciences define Research as the
manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the
purpose of generalizing to extend correct or verify
knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the
practice of an art.
 Writing the Research Report is the last step of Research
Process.
Research Report
Writing
Definition

 Research Report is defined as "Systematic,

articulate and orderly presentation of research work
in a written form.“
 Research Report is a Research Document that
contains basic and important aspects of a Research
project.
Contents of Research
Report
 Description of events
 Facts discovered during
investigation
 Description of procedures/ analysis
tools
 References carefully documented
 Conclusion
 Results objectively recorded
 Recommendations/ Suggestions
Objectives of Research
Report
 To become familiar with the givensubject and achieve
new insights into it.
 To portray the exact features or nature of an individual,
group or object.
 To determine the frequency with which something
occurs or is associated with something else.
 To study and test the relationshipbetween two or
more variables.
Characteristics of an Ideal Research
Report
 Proper title
 Relevant subheadings and paragraph divisions
 The Research report should be factual
 The Research report should relate to certain period
 The Research report should be clear, brief and concise
 The reporting must be prompt
 Distinguish between controllable and non-controllable
factors
Characteristics of an Ideal Research
Report
 Appropriate remarks
 Periodically reviewed
 Permissible degree of inaccuracy
 Highlight important deviations from
standards
 Visual reporting
 Comparison between comparable
matters
Significance of Report
Writing
 Major component
 Findings are brought into light
 Medium to communicate research work with relevant
people.
 Contributes to the body of knowledge
 Effective way of conveying the research work
 Reference material
 Aid for decision making
Steps in Report
Writing
 Analysis of the Subject-
matter
 Making of the Final Outline
 Making Rough Draft
 Polishing the Rough Draft
 Making of Bibliography
 Writing the Final Draft
Format of Research
Report
A. Preliminary Pages
B. Main Text
1. Introduction
2. Statement of Findings and
Recommendation
3. The Results
4. The Implications Drawn from the
Results
5. The Summary
C. End Matter
Contents of the Research
Report
 Cover page
 Summary
 Acknowledgement
 Index
 Introduction
 Objectives
 Literature review
 Research Methodology
 Data analysis and
interpretation
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 Appendix/Annexure
Precautions in Writing Research
Report
 Communicate research
finding
 Length of research report
 Curiosity within reader
 Objective style of writing
 Use of charts, graphs and
tables
 Appropriate layout
 Avoid grammatical mistakes
 Logical analysis
 Appendices
 Bibliography of necessary
sources
 Appearance
 Policy implications
Research Paper
Writing
Definition

 According to Berge and Saffioti, Research paper is a

paper written to reflect a search that will present
information to support a point of view on a particular
topic".

 A research paper entails surveying a field of knowledge

so as to find the best possible information in that field.
Structure of Research
Paper
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Review of Literature
4. Research methods and
procedures
5. Analysis and findings
6. Conclusions and
recommendations
7. Limitations and future scope
8. References
Referencing
Styles
 The different references used by the researcher for the
purpose of research study such as books, articles,
other research papers, Internet URL's should be cited
in standard accepted formats.

 There are different referencing styles such as APA

Psychological
(American Association), MLA
(Modern Language referencing
Association),
style, ChicagoHarvard
style
referencing of
etc.
Referencing Styles -
Elements
 Name of author
 Title of article/research paper
 Name of journal /periodical
 Volume number
 Date/month of issuance
 Year of publication
 Page number
 Name of book (in case of a book)
 Book publisher and place (in case of a
book)
Referencing
Styles
APA (American Psychological Association)
Referencing Style

The style to reference is

1. For a Research paper/Article
Authors surname followed by his (their) initials (Year
of publication) Article title. Name of Journal, Volume, Page
no.
Example
Tomaszewski, S. & Showerman, S. (2010). IFRS in United
Referencing
Styles
APA (American Psychological Association)
Referencing Style

The style to reference is

2. For a Book
Author's surname, Initials (Year of publication) Book title.
Place: Publisher
Example
Kumar, R(2014). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step
Guide for Beginners(4th ed). Thousand Oaks, California:
Referencing
Styles
Harvard Referencing
Style

The broad style to reference is

Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) 'Article
Newspaper/Magazine Name, title, Published,
Day Month Available at: Page(s).
URL or DOI (Accessed date)
Ethics in Report/Research Paper
Writing
 Avoid Plagiarism
 Honesty
 Objectivity
 Integrity
 Alertness
 Openness
 Confidentiality
 Publication
 Social
Responsibility
Questio
ns
?