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Non-coding RNA

The document discusses various classes of RNA, including ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Each type of RNA has distinct functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and RNA processing. The document highlights the roles of these RNAs in biological processes and their mechanisms of action.

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Mai Abdallah El Kelany
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11 views19 pages

Non-coding RNA

The document discusses various classes of RNA, including ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Each type of RNA has distinct functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and RNA processing. The document highlights the roles of these RNAs in biological processes and their mechanisms of action.

Uploaded by

Mai Abdallah El Kelany
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Non-coding

RNA

•Dr. Mai Elkelany


Classes
of RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
rRNAs are found in the ribosomes and account for 80%
of the total RNA present in the cell.

 Ribosomes are composed of a large subunit called the


50S and a small subunit called the 30S, each of which
is made up of its own specific rRNA molecules.

 Different rRNAs present in the ribosomes include


small rRNAs and large rRNAs, which belong to the small
and large subunits of the ribosome, respectively.

TYPES OF RNA, NILOUFER M.A, ST.MAR’YS COLLEGE - THRISSUR


rRNAs combine with proteins and enzymes in the
cytoplasm
to form ribosomes, which act as the site of protein
synthesis.

TYPES OF RNA, NILOUFER M.A, ST.MAR’YS COLLEGE - THRISSUR


Transfer RNA (tRNA)
tRNA is the smallest of the 3 main types of RNA,
possessing around 75-95 nucleotides.

tRNAs are an essential component of translation,


where their main function is the transfer of amino
acids during protein synthesis. Therefore, they
are called transfer RNAs.

 tRNAs also act as adapters in the translation of


the genetic sequence of mRNA into proteins.
Thus, they are also called adapter molecules.

TYPES OF RNA, NILOUFER M.A, ST.MAR’YS COLLEGE - THRISSUR


TYPES OF RNA, NILOUFER M.A, ST.MAR’YS COLLEGE - THRISSUR
• Each three-nucleotide codon in mRNA
is complemented by a three-nucleotide
anticodon in tRNA.
• As such, tRNAs are a necessary
component of translation, the biological
synthesis of new proteins in accordance
with the genetic code.
Long non-coding (lnc) RNAs
• Long non-coding (lnc) RNAs are non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nt.
• lncRNAs primarily interact with mRNA, DNA, protein, and miRNA and
consequently regulate gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional,
post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels in a
variety of ways.
• They play important roles in biological processes such as chromatin
remodeling, transcriptional activation, transcriptional interference, RNA
processing, and mRNA translation.
MicroRNAs
miRNA / miR
• Short (with average length of 21-25
nucleotides) noncoding RNAs involved
in diverse biological functions through
the regulation
• miRNAs are of target genes.
well-conserved across
vertebrates.

• miRNAs are abundant in many cell types.


• The human genome encodes over 1500
miRNAs, which are believed to affect
• miRNAs are transcribed as a long RNA
molecule called Pri-miRNA;
• Pri-miRNAs are processed in the nucleus
into Pre-miRNAs by:
• a double-stranded RNA specific ribonuclease
called Drosha;
• The Pre-miRNAs are transported to the
cytoplasm
• In the cytoplasm, the Pre-miRNAs are
digested by another double-stranded RNA
specific ribonuclease called Dicer;

• The process results in a sequence-specific,


single stranded, mature miRNA molecule.
Mechanism of
Action

Schematic representation of microRNA mechanism of action.


 miRNAs function post-transcriptionally,
by base-pairing with the 3′UTR of target
mRNAs, repressing protein synthesis in
the cytoplasm.
 miRNAs either induce mRNA degradation
or translational repression.
Other Short RNAs: siRNA
• Small interfering RNAs are double-stranded with an
overhang
• They are processed by some of the same machinery as
miRNAs and have some of the same effects
Other Short RNAs: piRNA

• Piwi-lnteracting RNAs are longer 26-31


base single-stranded RNAs
• They seem to play an ancient role in defense
against retro-viruses and transposons
Other Short RNAs: snRNAs &
snoRNAs

• Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) are typically 150


bases long, and associated with proteins

 Many conserved copies of each snRNA gene

 snRNAs are key parts of splicing machinery

• Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs)

 Guide chemical modifications of other RNAs

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