Copy of Understanding the Comma a Guide to Proper Usage
Copy of Understanding the Comma a Guide to Proper Usage
Example
"The sun was setting, and the birds were singing." A
comma prevents comma splices.
Avoid Splices
A comma splice is incorrect. For example, avoid
writing "The sun was setting, the birds were singing."
Introductory Elements
Words, Phrases, Clauses 1
Use commas after introductory words, phrases, or
clauses. For example, "However, I disagree."
2 Example Phrase
"After the concert, we went for pizza." This is an
introductory phrase.
Exemptions 3
Short introductory phrases are exempt. For example,
"Today we eat."
Parenthetical Elements
Nonessential Information
Set off nonessential information with commas. For example,
"My brother, who is a doctor, lives in New York."
Essential Information
If information is essential, omit the commas. For example,
"The student who cheats will fail."
Coordinate Adjectives
Insertion Test
If you can insert "and" between
2
adjectives, use a comma. "cold
Modifying a Noun and dark night".
Separate adjectives that equally 1
modify a noun. For example, "It
was a cold, dark night."
Non-Coordinate
A "shiny new car" doesn't work
3 with "and." It is not: "shiny, new
car".
Direct Address
Speaking to Someone
1 Set off a name or title when speaking to someone. "John, please close the door."
Example Title
2 "Thank you, Dr. Smith, for your help." Commas set off
the title.
Commas with Quotations
Introducing Quotes
Use a comma before a direct quotation: "She said, 'I'm going to
the store.'"
Following Quotes
Also use a comma after a quote: "'I'm ready,' he replied."
Common Comma Mistakes
Dates: "July 4, 1776, was a historic When in doubt, read aloud and
day." Geographical names: "Paris, consider if a pause is needed.
France, is a beautiful city." Commas add clarity.