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ch7 _ aym

Chapter 7 covers kinetic energy, work, and power, introducing key concepts such as the kinetic energy formula and the work-kinetic energy theorem. It explains how work is done by forces on objects, the relationship between work and energy, and includes examples of calculating work done in various scenarios. Additionally, it discusses power as the rate of doing work and provides equations for both constant and variable forces.

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2 views

ch7 _ aym

Chapter 7 covers kinetic energy, work, and power, introducing key concepts such as the kinetic energy formula and the work-kinetic energy theorem. It explains how work is done by forces on objects, the relationship between work and energy, and includes examples of calculating work done in various scenarios. Additionally, it discusses power as the rate of doing work and provides equations for both constant and variable forces.

Uploaded by

rr55315rr4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7

Kinetic Energy and Work

In this chapter we will introduce the following concepts:

- Kinetic energy of a moving object


- Work done by a force
- Power
-Work-kinetic energy theorem and apply it to solve a
variety of problems.
Kinetic Energy

The energy associated with the state of motion of an object

mv 2
K  .
2
SI units for of kinetic energy is J = 1 kg.m 2/s2

Ex. Duck (3 kg) flying with v=2.0 m/s


Thus the flying duck has kinetic energy of 6.0J
Work

SI unit for work (the joule, symbol: J ).


Work: (symbol W)
If a force F is applied to an object of mass m it can accelerate it and
increase its speed v and kinetic energy K. Similarly, F can
decelerate m and decrease its kinetic energy.
If energy is transferred to m (its K increases) we say that work was
done by F on the object (W > 0). If energy is transferred from the
object (its K decreases) we say that work was done by m (W < 0).
Expression for Work
m m

v 2 v0 2  2a( x  x0 )

 
W Fd cos  W F d
W Fd cos 
 
W F d
Definition of Work
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
We have seen earlier that K f  K i Wnet .
We define the change in kinetic energy as
K K f  K i . The equation above becomes
the work-kinetic energy theorem:

K K f  K i Wnet

 Change in the kinetic   net work done on 


 energy of a particle   the particle 
   

The work-kinetic energy theorem holds for both positive and negative values of Wnet .
If Wnet  0  K f  K i  0  K f  K i
If Wnet  0  K f  K i  0  K f  K i
Example : particle moves along an x-axis. Does the kinetic energy
of the particle increase, decrease or remain the same if the particle'
velocity changes (a) from -3 m/s to -2m/s (b) from -2m/s to 2m/s?
(c) in each situation, is the work done on the particle positive,
negative, or zero?

(a) decrease (b) remain the same


(c) negative, and for (b) zero
Example : A man cleaning a floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a force
of magnitude F = 50.0 N at an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal
Calculate the work done by the force on the vacuum cleaner as the
vacuum cleaner is displaced 3.00 m to the right.
Example :
Work Done by Gravitational Force
B

A
Work Done in Lifting and Lowering Object
Work Done by a Force in Lifting an Object :
Consider an object of mass m that is lifted by a force F from
point A to point B. The object starts from rest at A and arrives
at B with zero speed. The force F is not necessarily constant
during the trip.
Since the speed is constant,
ΔK=0

ΔK= Wa + Wg =0, Wa =-Wg


Since the box is displaced vertically upward h=0.150m
Wa = +mgh=(3.00 kg)(9.80m/s2)(0.150m)=4.41 J
Work Done by a Spring Force
Spring Force

The force F exerted by the spring on whatever agent (in the picture it is our
hand) is trying to change its natural length either by extending or by
compressing it is given by the equation F  kx. Here x is the amount by
which the spring has been extended or compressed. This equation is known
as "Hooke's law" and k is known as the "spring constant"

F  kx
It is called also restoring Force
Work Done by a Spring Force
Work Done by a applied force
Work Done by a Variable Force

xf

W  F ( x)dx
xi

Work Done =
Area under the curve from xi to xf
b,a,c,d
Three-Dimensional Analysis

xf yf zf

W  Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz


xi yi zi
Power

W
dW Pavg 
The instantaneous power is defined as P  t
dt

 
P Fv cos  F v
:velocity

Answer
)a(
 
P F v (4.0 N)(  2.0 m/s)  (9.0 N)(4.0 m/s) 28 W.

)b(
  
v  vj. P F v   12 W ( 2.0 N)v.

which yields v = 6 m/s


Answer
Answer
(a) Taking absolute values, and writing that Hooke’s law in terms of differences , we
analyze the first two pictures as follows:

|  F |  k | x|
240 N  110 N  k (60 mm  40 mm)
which yields k = 6.5 N/mm. Designating the relaxed position (as read by that scale)
as xo we look again at the first picture:
N= k(40 mm-x0) 110 x0= 23 mm
Using the result from (a) we analyze the last image
W = k(30 mm-x0) = 45 N
Answer
Q. A varying force Fx acts on a particle of mass m = 2.0 kg as
shown in Figure . Find the speed of the particle at x = 8.0 m, if
the kinetic energy at x = 0 is 9.0 J.

Answer

1 1
W Area under the curve 4 10  2 10  2 10 40
2 2
a-2, b-3, c-1
Answer
c, b, a
Answer
360 N
K 9.0 x103 N / m
0.04m

This value of spring constant can be used to estimate the work done

W
)a( s 
1
2
(9 . 0 x10 3
N / m ) ( 0. 05 m ) 2
 ( 0 . 03m ) 
2
 7 .2 J

b, c and d are estimated in the same manner

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