Development

Ganesh Sir
i). Different people have different
development goals.
ii ). What may be development for one may
not be development for the other. It may be
destructive for other. (The establishment of
a dam leads to infrastructural
development but many people have
shifted out of the village, hence it may
not be development for them.)
iii ) . Income is the most important component
of development, but along with income,
people also seek equal treatment, good
health, peace, literacy, etc.
iv). For development, people look at mix goals.
 Development goals of different
categories of persons
• Landless Rural labourers
1. More days or work
2. Better wages
3. Economic and social equality
• Rich person
1)Higher family income
2)Better education to their children
3)To settle their children in abroad
 Income and other goals
• Most people have higher income as a developmental goal.
• People have other departmental goals than higher income
like:
• 1. Well-being of a family
• 2. Closeness with friends and colleagues
• 3.Equal treatment and security
• 4. Respect and freedom
• 5. Opportunities to improve his skills People have a mix of
goals for development.
• Income is measurable goal in terms of money. There are many
developmental goals which are not measurable. The non-
measurable developmental goals are sometimes more
important than measurable developmental goals like income.
Non-measurable developmental goals like respect, security
and equality are more important than income when it comes
to working women and encouraging more women to work.
 National Development
i) . Under national development, the
government decides what would be a fair and
just path for all.
ii) . Under national development, only those
programmes and policies are implemented
which would benefit a large number of
people.
iii). Under national development, it is very
important to decide about the conflicts and
their solutions.
iv). Under national development, we have to
think whether there is a better way of doing
 National Development Comparison
• It is easier to compare things when we
compare them using a particular criterion
or characteristic.
• Countries with more income are
considered more developed than other
countries that have less income.
• The income of a country is the sum of the
incomes of its entire population.
• Different countries of the world have
different populations, so total income is
not a reliable criterion to compare
• A more reliable criterion for comparing
national development is the average
income or per capita income.
• Average income of a country= Total
income of the country/ Population of the
country.
• Based on its per capita income, India falls
in the category of low-income countries.
• Per capita income hides individual income
disparities.
• Countries with equitable distribution of
income have no rich and no poor.
• Countries without equitable distribution of
 Criterion used by the World Bank in
classifying different countries
i). Rich or High income countries: Countries with per
capita income of Rs 4,53,000 per annum and above in
2004, are called rich countries.
ii) Poor or low income countries: The countries with
per capital income of Rs 37,000 or less, are called low
income countries.
• India comes in the category of low income countries
because its per capital income in 2004 was just Rs
28,000.
• Limitations:
• i). It covers only the economic aspects ignoring peace,
health, environment, education, longevity, etc.
ii). The method does not provide us the distribution of
 limitations of per capita income
( i ) Per capita income doesn’t tell us anything about
the distribution of income. A poor country with a more
equal distribution of income would be better off than a
richer country with unequal distribution of income.
( ii ) Per capita income doesn’t measure various
facilities & services that influence quality of life e.g.
health facilities, education facilities, equal treatment
etc.
( iii ) It is effected by size of population. Even with a
large national income, per capita income will be low if
a country has large population.
Per capita income is an important but not the only
criterion for development.
Along with average income, equitable distribution
 Money cannot buy
everything
i). Per capital income of Punjab is higher
than Kerala but still in lacks behind in
education and health facilities.
ii). In Kerala, out of 1000 children born
alive, 11 die before completing one year of
age but in Punjab the proportion of
children dying is 49, which is nearly 5
times more. Money or higher per capita
income cannot buy a pollution free
environment or good health.
iii). Money cannot buy peace and
 UNDP (United Nations Development
program)
• UNDP uses a different criterion called human
development index (HDI).
• HDI is a composite index on a scale 0-1 measured
on the basis of three indicators,
• a) Longevity :- It is measured in terms of life
expectancy
• b) Knowledge :- It is measured by a combination of
adult literacy & combined enrollment ratio
• c) Standard of living :- It is measured by real per
capita income in dollars
• The country with 0 HDI will be at bottom & the one
with 1 HDI will be at top. All other countries are in
 HDI
• HDI is a composite index of
achievements of a nation in terms of
three important variables that determine
the quality of life. These three variables
are longevity, knowledge & standard of
living. It is prepared by United Nations
Development program.
 Distinguish economic development
& human development
• Human Development
• 1. It refers to human centered approach towards
development. It focuses on people & qualitative improvement
in human life. 2. It is indicated by human development index.
• 3. It is a under term & includes economic development also.
• 4. It considers human welfare. Should be increased through
investments in education & health.
• Economic Development
• 1. It refers to sustained increase in real per capita income
that promotes economic welfare by reducing poverty,
unemployment & inequalities in distribution of income.
• 2. It can be indicated by national income & per capita
income. 3. It is narrower term as compared to economic
development. 4. It considers people can be made better off
by increasing their command over goods and services.
Other criteria of economic development
• Development People have many different
developmental goals other than income. Higher
income alone cannot bring about development.
Several criteria other than per capita income are
used to evaluate the economic development in
different countries and states.
• Some criteria other than income used to compare
development are:
•  Life expectancy
•  Infant mortality
•  Literacy rate
•  Net attendance ratio
• Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the
average time an organism is expected to live, based
on the year of their birth, their current age and
other demographic factors.
• Infant Mortality Rate : The number of children
that die before the age of one year as a proportion
of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
• Literacy Rate : The proportion of literate
population in the 7 and above, age group.
• Net attendance Ratio : the total number of
children of age group 6-10 attending school as a
percentage of total number of children in the same
age group.
• Gross enrollment ratio :Total enrolment in
primary education, regardless of age, expressed as
a percentage of the eligible official primary school-
age population in a given school-year
• Sustainability : The regular process
without harming the productivity of
future generation and satisfy the need of
present generation.
• Sustainable Development :
Development without damaging
surrounding.
• Average Income : Total income of the
country divided by its total population.
Also known as per capita income.
• National Income : Sum of value of final
goods produced within the country and
income from foreign factors.
 Sustainable Development
• “We have not inherited the world from our forefathers
— we have borrowed it from our children.
• Non-renewable resources are those which will get
exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on
earth which cannot be replenished. We do discover new
resources that we did not know of earlier. New sources
in this way add to the stock. However, over time, even
this will get exhausted.
• Consequences of environmental degradation do not
respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no
longer region or nation specific. Our future is linked
together. Sustainability of development is
comparatively a new area of knowledge in which
scientists, economists, philosophers and other social
scientists are working together.
 Steps to control environmental
degradation
• Steps to control environmental
degradation are :
• ( i ) Careful planning & setting of
industries.
• ( ii ) Better equipment
• ( iii ) Proper fuel selection &
utilization.
• ( iv ) Treatment of industrial liquids.
• A community also needs public facilities
for education and training, affordable
healthcare, and provisions for adequate
food and nutrition for development.
• Body mass index is an interesting way to
find your health status.
• Countries with lower per capita income
than India have comparable or higher
developmental performance on other
criteria.
 Body Mass Index (BMI)
• One way to find out if adults are
undernourished is to calculate what nutrition
scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI).
• This is easy to calculate.
• Take the weight of the person in kg.
• Then take the height in meters.
• Divide the weight by the square of the height.
• If this figure is less than 18.5 then the
person would be considered
undernourished. However, if this BMI is
more than 25, then a person is overweight.
 Economic growth and Economic
development
• Economic growth can be defined as a
process whereby a country’s real
national income increases over a period
of time.
• On the other hand economic
development is a process of long-term
increase in income as well as with
achieving a more equitable income
distribution and poverty alleviation.
• Thus economic development is a wider
 Steps taken by the Indian government
for raising the status of women
• (i) Women are given the equal right to vote like those of
men
• (ii) the government of India has declared dowry as
illegal and now no one can force the other party to give
dowry.
• (iii) To impart education to girls various schools and
colleges have been opened.
• (iv) Gender empowerment focuses on opportunities and
participation in decision making process and values.
• (v) Women have been recognized as a separate target
group in our development planning, for raising their
status at par with that of men.
• To achieve the above objective the National Commission
 Need of environment friendly
economic growth
• (i) Present production technology has polluted
atmosphere and water bodies with garbage,
smoke and poisonous gases.
• (ii) Rapid economic growth and
industrialization have led to natural resources
(like fossil fuels).
• Suggestions to achieve it:
• (i) Increased use of renewable and clean
sources of energy, less use of fossil fuels,
organic farming.
• (ii) Measures to reduce global warming and
global limits on carbon emissions etc.
Thank You