Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Twelfth Edition
Chapter 6
Inverse Circular
Functions and
Trigonometric
Equations
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6.1 Inverse Circular Functions
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Learning Objectives
• Inverse Functions
• Inverse Sine Function
• Inverse Cosine Function
• Inverse Tangent Function
• Other Inverse Circular Functions
• Inverse Function Values
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Functions
Recall that for a function f, every element x in the
domain corresponds to one and only one element y, or
f(x), in the range.
If a function is defined so that each range element is
used only once, then it is called a one-to-one
function.
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Inverse Function
The inverse function of the one-to-one function f is
defined as follows.
f 1 y, x x, y belongs to f .
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Caution 1
The −1 in f - 1 is not an exponent.
1 1
1
f ( x)
f ( x)
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Review of Inverse Functions
• In a one-to-one function, each x-value correspond to only one
y-value, and each y-value corresponds to only one x-value.
• If a function f is one-to-one, then f has an inverse function f - 1 .
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Review of Inverse Functions
To find f - 1 ( x) from f(x), follow these steps:
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Inverse Functions
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Inverse Sine Function
y sin 1 x or y arcsin x means that x = sin y for
𝜋 𝜋
− ≤𝑦≤
2 2
- 1
Think of y = sin x or y = arcsin x as
π π
“y is the number (angle) in the interval 2 , 2
whose sine is x.”
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Example 1: Finding Inverse Sine
Values
Find y in each equation.
1
(a) y arcsin
2
1
1
(b) y sin
(c) y sin 1 2
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Caution
Be certain that the number given for an inverse
function value is in the range of the particular
inverse function being considered.
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Inverse Sine Function y = sine
Inverse of x or y = arcsin x
Domain:[−1,1] Range: ,
2 2
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Inverse Sine Function y = sine
inverse of x or y = arcsin x
• The inverse sine function is increasing and continuous
on its domain [−1, 1].
• Its x-intercept is 0, and its y-intercept is 0.
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Inverse Cosine Function
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Example 2: Finding Inverse Cosine
Values
Find y in each equation.
(a) y arccos1
1
2
(b) y cos
2
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Inverse Cosine Function y = Cosine
Inverse of x or y = arccos x
Domain:[−1,1] Range: [0, π ]
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Inverse Cosine Function y = Cosine
Inverse of x or y = arccos x
• The inverse cosine function is decreasing and
continuous on its domain [−1, 1].
• Its x-intercept is 1, and its y-intercept is .
2
• The graph is not symmetric with respect to the
y-axis nor the origin.
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Inverse Tangent Function y = Tangent
Inverse of x or y = arctan x
Domain: , Range: ,
2 2
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Inverse Tangent Function y = Tangent
Inverse of x or y = arctan x
• The inverse tangent function is increasing and
continuous on its domain , .
• Its x-intercept is 0, and its y-intercept is 0.
• Its graph is symmetric with respect to the origin so the
function is an odd function.
• The lines y and y are horizontal asymptotes.
2 2
1
y tan x or y arctan x means that x tan y for y .
2 2
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Inverse Cotangent Function y = Cotangent
Inverse of x or y = arccot x
Domain: , Range: 0,
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Inverse Secant Function y = Secant
Inverse of x or y = arcsec x
Domain: , 1 1, Range: 0, , y
2
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Example 3: Finding Inverse Function
Values (Degree-Measured Angles)
Find the degree measure of θ in the following.
(a) θ = arctan 1
(b) sec 1 2
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Example 4: Finding Inverse Function
Values with a Calculator
(a) Find y in radians if y csc 3.
1
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Caution
Be careful when using a calculator to evaluate the
inverse cotangent of a negative quantity.
Enter the inverse tangent of the reciprocal of the
negative quantity, which returns an angle in quadrant IV.
Since inverse cotangent is negative in quadrant II,
adjust your calculator result by adding 180° or
accordingly.
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Example 5: Finding Function Values Using
Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions
Evaluate each expression without a calculator.
3
(a) sin tan 1
2
1 5
(b) tan cos
13
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Example 6(a): Finding Function
Values Using Identities
Evaluate the expression without a calculator.
1
cos arctan 3 arcsin
3
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Example 6(b): Finding Function
Values Using Identities
Evaluate the expression without a calculator.
2
tan 2 arcsin
5
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Example 7(a): Writing Function
Values in Terms of u
Write sin tan u as an algebraic expression in u.
1
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Example 7(b): Writing Function
Values in Terms of u
Write cos 2sin u as an algebraic expression in u.
1
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Example 8: Finding the Optimal Angle
of Elevation of a Shot Put
The optimal angle of elevation θ that a shot-putter
should aim for in order to throw the greatest distance
depends on the velocity v of the throw and the initial
height h of the shot.*
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6.2 Trigonometric Equations
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Learning Objectives
• Linear Methods
• Zero-Factor Property
• Quadratic Methods
• Trigonometric Identity Substitutions
• Application
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Example 1(a): Solving a Trigonometric
Equation by Linear Methods
Solve 2sin 1 0 over the interval [0,360°) and all solutions.
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Example 2: Solving a Trigonometric
Equation (Zero-Factor Property)
Solve sin tan sin over the interval [0, 360°).
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Caution
Trying to solve the equation in Example 2 by dividing
each side by sin θ would lead to tan θ = 1, which would
give θ = 45° or θ = 225°.
The missing solutions are the ones that make the
divisor, sin θ, equal 0.
For this reason, avoid dividing by a variable
expression.
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Example 3: Solving a Trigonometric
Equation (Zero-Factor Property)
Solve tan x tan x 2 0 over the interval [0, 2 ).
2
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Example 4: Solving a Trigonometric
Equation Using The Quadratic Formula
Find all solutions of cot x(cot x 3) 1
Write the solution set.
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Example 5: Solving a Trigonometric
Equation by Squaring
Solve tan x 3 sec x over the interval [0, 2 ).
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Solving a Trigonometric Equation
• Decide whether the equation is linear or quadratic in
form, so you can determine the solution method.
• If only one trigonometric function is present, first solve
the equation for that function.
• If more than one trigonometric function is present,
rearrange the equation so that one side equals 0. Then
try to factor and set each factor equal to 0 to solve.
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Solving a Trigonometric Equation
• If the equation is quadratic in form, but not factorable,
use the quadratic formula. Check that solutions are in
the desired interval.
• Try using identities to change the form of the equation.
It may be helpful to square each side of the equation
first. In this case, check for extraneous solutions.
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Example 6: Describing a Musical
Tone From a Graph
A basic component of music is a pure tone. The graph
below models the sinusoidal pressure y = P in pounds
per square foot from a pure tone at time x = t in seconds.
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Example 6(a): Describing a Musical
Tone From a Graph
The frequency of a pure tone is
often measured in hertz. One
hertz is equal to one cycle per
second and is abbreviated Hz.
What is the frequency f, in
hertz, of the pure tone shown in
the graph?
From the graph, we see that there are 6 cycles in 0.04
sec. 6
150 cycles per sec
0.04
The frequency f is 150 Hz.
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Example 6(b): Describing a Musical
Tone From a Graph
The time for the tone to produce
one complete cycle is called the
period.
Approximate the period T, in
seconds, of the pure tone.
0.04 1
T , or 0.006 sec.
6 150
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Example 6(c): Describing a Musical
Tone From a Graph
An equation for the graph is y 0.004sin 300 x.
Use a calculator to estimate all solutions to the equation
that make y = 0.004 over the interval [0, 0.02].
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6.3 Trigonometric Equations II
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Learning Objectives
• Equations with Half-Angles
• Equations with Multiple Angles
• Applications
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Example 1: Solving an Equation With
a Half-Angle
x
Solve 2sin 1 (a) over the interval [0, 2 )
2
and (b) for all solutions.
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Example 2: Solving an Equation
Using a Double Angle Identity
Solve cos 2x = cos x over the interval [0, 2 ).
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Example 3: Solving an Equation
Using a Multiple-Angle Identity
Solve 4sin cos 3 over the interval [0°, 360°) and all
solutions.
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Example 4: Solving an Equation With
a Multiple Angle
Solve tan 3x + sec 3x = 2 over the interval [0, 2 ).
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Frequencies of Piano Keys
A piano string can vibrate at more than one frequency. It produces
a complex wave that can mathematically be modeled by a sum of
several pure tones.
When a piano key with a frequency of f1 is played, the
corresponding string vibrates not only at f1 but also at 2f1, 3f1,
4f1, …, nf1.
f1 is the fundamental frequency of the string, and higher
frequencies are the upper harmonics. The human ear will hear
the sum of these frequencies as one complex tone.
(Source: Roederer, J., Introduction to the Physics and Psychophysics of
Music, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag.)
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Example 5: Analyzing Pressures of
Upper Harmonics
Suppose that the A key above middle C is played on a piano. Its
fundamental frequency is f1 = 440 Hz and its associate pressure is
expressed as
P1 .022sin 880 t.
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Learning Objectives
• Solution for x in Terms of y Using Inverse Functions
• Solving Inverse Trigonometric Equations
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Example 1: Solving an Equation for a
Specified Variable
Solve y = 3 cos 2x for x, where x is restricted to the interval 0, .
2
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Example 2: Solving an Equation Involving
an Inverse Trigonometric Function
Solve 2 arc sin x .
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Example 3: Solving an Equation Involving
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1 1 1
Solve cos x sin 2 .
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Example 4: Solving an Inverse Trigonometric
Equation Using an Identity
Solve arc sin x arc cos x .
6
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