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Chapter 7

Chapter 6 of the Trigonometry textbook covers inverse circular functions and trigonometric equations. It includes definitions, properties, and examples of inverse sine, cosine, tangent, and other inverse functions, along with methods for solving trigonometric equations. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the domains, ranges, and graphical representations of these functions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views63 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 6 of the Trigonometry textbook covers inverse circular functions and trigonometric equations. It includes definitions, properties, and examples of inverse sine, cosine, tangent, and other inverse functions, along with methods for solving trigonometric equations. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the domains, ranges, and graphical representations of these functions.

Uploaded by

karasbotros17
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trigonometry

Twelfth Edition

Chapter 6
Inverse Circular
Functions and
Trigonometric
Equations

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 1
6.1 Inverse Circular Functions

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 2
Learning Objectives
• Inverse Functions
• Inverse Sine Function
• Inverse Cosine Function
• Inverse Tangent Function
• Other Inverse Circular Functions
• Inverse Function Values

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 3
Functions
Recall that for a function f, every element x in the
domain corresponds to one and only one element y, or
f(x), in the range.
If a function is defined so that each range element is
used only once, then it is called a one-to-one
function.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 4
Inverse Function
The inverse function of the one-to-one function f is
defined as follows.


f  1   y, x   x, y  belongs to f . 

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 5
Caution 1
The −1 in f - 1 is not an exponent.

1 1
1
f ( x) 
f ( x)

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 6
Review of Inverse Functions
• In a one-to-one function, each x-value correspond to only one
y-value, and each y-value corresponds to only one x-value.
• If a function f is one-to-one, then f has an inverse function f - 1 .

• The domain of f is the range of f - 1 , and the range of f is


the domain of f - 1 .
• The graphs of f and f - 1 are reflections of each other
across the line y = x.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 7
Review of Inverse Functions
To find f - 1 ( x) from f(x), follow these steps:

Step 1: Replace f(x) with y


Step 2: Interchange x and y.
Step 3: Solve for y.

Step 4: Replace y with f ( x).


- 1

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 8
Inverse Functions

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 9
Inverse Sine Function
y sin  1 x or y arcsin x means that x = sin y for
𝜋 𝜋
− ≤𝑦≤
2 2
- 1
Think of y = sin x or y = arcsin x as
 π π
“y is the number (angle) in the interval   2 , 2 
whose sine is x.”

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 10
Example 1: Finding Inverse Sine
Values
Find y in each equation.
1
(a) y arcsin
2
 1
1
(b) y sin

(c) y sin  1  2 

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 11
Caution
Be certain that the number given for an inverse
function value is in the range of the particular
inverse function being considered.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 12
Inverse Sine Function y = sine
Inverse of x or y = arcsin x
  
Domain:[−1,1] Range:   , 
 2 2

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 13
Inverse Sine Function y = sine
inverse of x or y = arcsin x
• The inverse sine function is increasing and continuous
on its domain [−1, 1].
• Its x-intercept is 0, and its y-intercept is 0.

• The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin, so


the function is an odd function. For all x in the domain,
sin  1  X   sin  1 X .

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 14
Inverse Cosine Function

y = cos -1 x or y arccos x means that x cos y, for 0  y  .


-1
Think of y = cos x or y = arccos x as

“y is the number (angle) in the interval [0, π ]


whose cosine is x.”

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 15
Example 2: Finding Inverse Cosine
Values
Find y in each equation.
(a) y arccos1

1
 2
(b) y cos  
 2 

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 16
Inverse Cosine Function y = Cosine
Inverse of x or y = arccos x
Domain:[−1,1] Range: [0, π ]

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 17
Inverse Cosine Function y = Cosine
Inverse of x or y = arccos x
• The inverse cosine function is decreasing and
continuous on its domain [−1, 1].

• Its x-intercept is 1, and its y-intercept is .
2
• The graph is not symmetric with respect to the
y-axis nor the origin.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 18
Inverse Tangent Function y = Tangent
Inverse of x or y = arctan x
 
Domain:  ,   Range:   , 
 2 2

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 19
Inverse Tangent Function y = Tangent
Inverse of x or y = arctan x
• The inverse tangent function is increasing and
continuous on its domain  ,  .
• Its x-intercept is 0, and its y-intercept is 0.
• Its graph is symmetric with respect to the origin so the
function is an odd function.
 
• The lines y  and y  are horizontal asymptotes.
2 2
1  
y  tan x or y arctan x means that x tan y for  y .
2 2

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 20
Inverse Cotangent Function y = Cotangent
Inverse of x or y = arccot x
Domain:  ,   Range: 0,  

y cot  1 x or y arc cot x means that x = cot y for 0  y   .

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 21
Inverse Secant Function y = Secant
Inverse of x or y = arcsec x

Domain:  ,  1  1,   Range:  0,   , y 
2

y sec  1 x or y arc sec x means that x = sec y for



0  y  , y  .
2
Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 22
Inverse Cosecant Function y = Cosecant
Inverse of x or y = arccsc x
  
Domain:  ,  1  1,   Range:   ,  , y 0
 2 2

y csc  1 x or y arc csc x means that x = csc y for


 
  y  , y 0.
2 2
Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 23
Inverse Function Values

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Example 3: Finding Inverse Function
Values (Degree-Measured Angles)
Find the degree measure of θ in the following.
(a) θ = arctan 1

(b)  sec  1 2

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 25
Example 4: Finding Inverse Function
Values with a Calculator
(a) Find y in radians if y csc  3.
1

(b) Find θ in degrees if θ = arccot(−0.3541).

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 26
Caution
Be careful when using a calculator to evaluate the
inverse cotangent of a negative quantity.
Enter the inverse tangent of the reciprocal of the
negative quantity, which returns an angle in quadrant IV.
Since inverse cotangent is negative in quadrant II,
adjust your calculator result by adding 180° or 
accordingly.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 27
Example 5: Finding Function Values Using
Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions
Evaluate each expression without a calculator.
 3
(a) sin  tan  1 
 2
 1  5 
(b) tan  cos    
  13  

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 28
Example 6(a): Finding Function
Values Using Identities
Evaluate the expression without a calculator.
 1
cos  arctan 3  arcsin 
 3

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 29
Example 6(b): Finding Function
Values Using Identities
Evaluate the expression without a calculator.
 2
tan  2 arcsin 
 5

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 30
Example 7(a): Writing Function
Values in Terms of u
Write sin tan u  as an algebraic expression in u.
1

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 31
Example 7(b): Writing Function
Values in Terms of u
Write cos 2sin u  as an algebraic expression in u.
1

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 32
Example 8: Finding the Optimal Angle
of Elevation of a Shot Put
The optimal angle of elevation θ that a shot-putter
should aim for in order to throw the greatest distance
depends on the velocity v of the throw and the initial
height h of the shot.*

*Source: Townend, M. S., Mathematics in Sport, Chichester,


Ellis Horwood Limited.)
Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 33
Example 8: Finding the Optimal Angle
of Elevation of a Shot Put
One model for θ that achieves this greatest distance is
 v2 
 arcsin  
 2v  64h 
2
 
Suppose a shot-putter can consistently throw the steel
ball with h = 6.6 ft and v = 42 ft per sec. At what angle
should he release the ball to maximize distance?

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 34
6.2 Trigonometric Equations

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 35
Learning Objectives
• Linear Methods
• Zero-Factor Property
• Quadratic Methods
• Trigonometric Identity Substitutions
• Application

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 36
Example 1(a): Solving a Trigonometric
Equation by Linear Methods
Solve 2sin   1 0 over the interval [0,360°) and all solutions.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 37
Example 2: Solving a Trigonometric
Equation (Zero-Factor Property)
Solve sin  tan  sin  over the interval [0, 360°).

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 38
Caution
Trying to solve the equation in Example 2 by dividing
each side by sin θ would lead to tan θ = 1, which would
give θ = 45° or θ = 225°.
The missing solutions are the ones that make the
divisor, sin θ, equal 0.
For this reason, avoid dividing by a variable
expression.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 39
Example 3: Solving a Trigonometric
Equation (Zero-Factor Property)
Solve tan x  tan x  2 0 over the interval [0, 2 ).
2

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 40
Example 4: Solving a Trigonometric
Equation Using The Quadratic Formula
Find all solutions of cot x(cot x  3) 1
Write the solution set.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 41
Example 5: Solving a Trigonometric
Equation by Squaring
Solve tan x  3 sec x over the interval [0, 2 ).

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 42
Solving a Trigonometric Equation
• Decide whether the equation is linear or quadratic in
form, so you can determine the solution method.
• If only one trigonometric function is present, first solve
the equation for that function.
• If more than one trigonometric function is present,
rearrange the equation so that one side equals 0. Then
try to factor and set each factor equal to 0 to solve.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 43
Solving a Trigonometric Equation
• If the equation is quadratic in form, but not factorable,
use the quadratic formula. Check that solutions are in
the desired interval.
• Try using identities to change the form of the equation.
It may be helpful to square each side of the equation
first. In this case, check for extraneous solutions.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 44
Example 6: Describing a Musical
Tone From a Graph
A basic component of music is a pure tone. The graph
below models the sinusoidal pressure y = P in pounds
per square foot from a pure tone at time x = t in seconds.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 45
Example 6(a): Describing a Musical
Tone From a Graph
The frequency of a pure tone is
often measured in hertz. One
hertz is equal to one cycle per
second and is abbreviated Hz.
What is the frequency f, in
hertz, of the pure tone shown in
the graph?
From the graph, we see that there are 6 cycles in 0.04
sec. 6
150 cycles per sec
0.04
The frequency f is 150 Hz.
Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 46
Example 6(b): Describing a Musical
Tone From a Graph
The time for the tone to produce
one complete cycle is called the
period.
Approximate the period T, in
seconds, of the pure tone.

Six periods cover a time of 0.04 sec. One period would


be equal to

0.04 1
T  , or 0.006 sec.
6 150
Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 47
Example 6(c): Describing a Musical
Tone From a Graph
An equation for the graph is y 0.004sin 300 x.
Use a calculator to estimate all solutions to the equation
that make y = 0.004 over the interval [0, 0.02].

The first point of intersection is at


about x = 0.0017 sec. The other
points of intersection are at about
x = 0.0083 sec and x = 0.015 sec.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 48
6.3 Trigonometric Equations II

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 49
Learning Objectives
• Equations with Half-Angles
• Equations with Multiple Angles
• Applications

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 50
Example 1: Solving an Equation With
a Half-Angle
x
Solve 2sin 1 (a) over the interval [0, 2 )
2
and (b) for all solutions.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 51
Example 2: Solving an Equation
Using a Double Angle Identity
Solve cos 2x = cos x over the interval [0, 2 ).

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 52
Example 3: Solving an Equation
Using a Multiple-Angle Identity
Solve 4sin  cos   3 over the interval [0°, 360°) and all
solutions.

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 53
Example 4: Solving an Equation With
a Multiple Angle
Solve tan 3x + sec 3x = 2 over the interval [0, 2 ).

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 54
Frequencies of Piano Keys
A piano string can vibrate at more than one frequency. It produces
a complex wave that can mathematically be modeled by a sum of
several pure tones.
When a piano key with a frequency of f1 is played, the
corresponding string vibrates not only at f1 but also at 2f1, 3f1,
4f1, …, nf1.
f1 is the fundamental frequency of the string, and higher
frequencies are the upper harmonics. The human ear will hear
the sum of these frequencies as one complex tone.
(Source: Roederer, J., Introduction to the Physics and Psychophysics of
Music, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag.)

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 55
Example 5: Analyzing Pressures of
Upper Harmonics
Suppose that the A key above middle C is played on a piano. Its
fundamental frequency is f1 = 440 Hz and its associate pressure is
expressed as
P1 .022sin 880 t.

The string will also vibrate at


f 2 880, f 3 1320, f 4 1760, f 5 2200, ... Hz.
The corresponding pressures are
.002 .002
P2  sin1760 t , P3  sin 2640 t ,
2 3
.002 .002
P4  sin 3520 t , P5  sin 4400 t
4 5
Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 56
Example 5: Analyzing Pressures of
Upper Harmonics
The graph of P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 is “saw-toothed.”

(a) What is the maximum value of P?


(b) At what values of t = x does this maximum occur
over the interval [0, 0.01]?
Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 57
6.4 Equations Involving Inverse
Trigonometric Functions

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 58
Learning Objectives
• Solution for x in Terms of y Using Inverse Functions
• Solving Inverse Trigonometric Equations

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 59
Example 1: Solving an Equation for a
Specified Variable
 
Solve y = 3 cos 2x for x, where x is restricted to the interval  0,  .
 2

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 60
Example 2: Solving an Equation Involving
an Inverse Trigonometric Function
Solve 2 arc sin x  .

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 61
Example 3: Solving an Equation Involving
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1 1 1
Solve cos x sin 2 .

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 62
Example 4: Solving an Inverse Trigonometric
Equation Using an Identity

Solve arc sin x  arc cos x  .
6

Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 63

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