Members in Compression and Bending

Chapter-11
From

(Structural Concrete)
by
M.Nadeem Hassoun And Akthem Al-Manaseer

5th Edition

1
 11.14 Biaxial Bending
The analysis and design of columns under eccentric loading was
discussed earlier in this chapter, considering a uniaxial case.
This means that the load Pn was acting along the y axis (Fig. 11.23),

causing a combination of axial load Pn and a moment about the x axis

equal to Mnx = Pney or acting along the x axis (Fig. 11.24) with an

eccentricity ex, causing a combination of an axial load P n and a

moment Mny = Pnex.

 If the load Pn is acting anywhere such that its distance from the x-

axis is ey and its distance from the y axis is e x, then the column section

will be subjected to a combination of forces: An axial load P n a moment

about the x axis = Mnx = Pney and a moment about they axis = M2 ny =
11.14 Biaxial Bending

3
11.14 Biaxial Bending

4
11.14 Biaxial Bending

5
 11.14 Biaxial Bending
The column section in this case is said to be subjected to biaxial
bending.
The analysis and design of columns under this combination of forces
is not simple when the principles of statics are used.
The neutral axis is at an angle with respect to both axes, and lengthy
calculations are needed to determine the location of the neutral axis,
strains, concrete compression area, and internal forces and their point
of application.
Therefore, it was necessary to develop practical solutions to estimate
the strength of columns under axial load and biaxial bending.
The formulas developed relate the response of the column in biaxial
bending to its uniaxial strength about each major axis 6
 11.14 Biaxial Bending
The biaxial bending strength of an axially loaded column can be
represented by a three dimensional interaction curve, as shown in
Fig.11.26.
The surface is formed by a series of uniaxial interaction curves drawn

radially from the Pn axis. The curve Mox represents the interaction

curve in uniaxial bending about the x axis, and the curve M oy

represents the curve in uniaxial bending about the y axis.
The plane at constant axial load P n shown in Fig. 11.26 represents the

contour of the bending moment Mn about any axis.

Different shapes of columns may be used to resist axial loads and
biaxial bending. Circular, square, or rectangular column cross sections
7
may be used with equal or unequal bending capacities in the x and y
11.14 Biaxial Bending

8
11.15 Circular Columns With Uniform Reinforcement Under
Biaxial Bending

Circular columns with reinforcement distributed uniformly about the

perimeter of the section have almost the same moment capacity in all
directions. If a circular column is subjected to biaxial bending about the
x and y axes, the equivalent uniaxial M u moment can be calculated
using the following equations:
Mu = (Mux )2 + (Muy )2 = Pu e (11.29)
and
2 2 Mu
e = (e x ) + (e y ) = (11.30)
Pu
where
Mux = Puey = factored moment about the x axis
9
Muy = Puex = factored moment about the y axis
11.15 Circular Columns With Uniform Reinforcement Under
Biaxial Lending

Mu = Pue = equivalent uniaxial factored moment of the section due to M ux

and Muy
In circular columns, a minimum of six bars should be used, and these
should be uniformly distributed in the section.

10
 Example 11.17 Circular Column
Determine the load capacity Pn of a 20-in. diameter column reinforced

with 10 no. 10 bars when ex = 4 in. and ey = 6in.Use f'c = 4ksi and

fy = 60 ksi.
Solution
1. Calculate the eccentricity that is equivalent to uniaxial loading by
using Eq. 11.30. 2
e x + e 2 y = (4)2 + (6)2 = 7.211 in.
e(for uniaxial loading) =
2. Determine the load capacity of the column based on e = 7.211 in.
Proceed as in Example 11.9:
d = 17.12 in. a = 9.81 in. c = 11.54 in. (by trial)
Cc = 521.2 K Cs = 269.8K T = 132.1K
11

P = C + C − T = 650 K
 Example 11.9
Determine the balanced load Pb and the

balanced moment Mb for the 16-in.

diameter circular spiral column
reinforced with 8#9 bars shown in Fig.
11.14. Given: f'c = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

S = 8 − 2.5 = 5.5 in.

S1 = S cos 22.5o= 5.1 in.

S2 = S cos 67.5o= 2.1 in.

d = 8 + 5.1 = 13.1 in.
S3 = 1.85 in. 12
 Example 11.9
Solution
1. Because the reinforcement bars are symmetrical about the axis A–A
passing through the center of the circle, the plastic centroid lies on
that axis.
2. Determine the location of the neutral axis:
fy
dt = 13.1in. y = (E s = 29,000 ksi)
ES
cb 0.003 0.003 87
= = 
dt 0.003 +  y 0.003 + fy /E S 87 + fy
87
cb = (13.1) = 7.75 in.
87 + 60
ab = 0.85 × 7.75 = 6.59 in.

3. Calculate the properties of a circular segment (Fig. 11.15):

13
 Example 11.9
Solution
Area of segment = r2(α − sin α cosα) (11.22)
Location of centroid  (from the circle center 0):
2 r sin3 
x= (11.23)
3  - sin  cos 
Z =r - x (11.24)
 a
r cos  = r - a or cos =  1 -  (11.25)
 r
Then
 6.59 
cos  =  1   = 0.176
 8 
and  = 79.85  , sin  = 0.984, and  = 1.394 rad.

14
 Example 11.9
Solution
Area of segment = (8)2 (1.394 - 0.984 × 0.176)
= 78.12 in.2
2 8(0.984) 3
x= = 4.16 in.
3 1.394 - 0.984 × 0.176
Z = r - x = 8 - 4.16 = 3.84 in.
4. Calculate the compressive force Cc:

Cc = 0.85f'c × area of segment

= 0.85 × 4 × 78.12 = 265.6 k
It acts at 4.16 in. from the center of the column.
5. Calculate the strains, stresses, and forces in the tension and the
compression steel. Determine the strains from the strain diagram.
For T1, 15
 Example 11.9
Solution ε = e = 0.00207 f s = fy = 60 ksi
y

T1 = 2 × 60 = 120 K

For T2, 2.35 2.35

 s3 = y = × 0.00207 = 0.00091
5.35 5.35
fs3 = 0.00091 × 29,000 = 29.4 ksi
T2 = 26.4 × 2 = 52.8 K
For C s1,
4.85
e s1 = × 0.003 = 0.000188
7.75
fs1 = 0.000188 × 29,000 = 54.5 ksi < 60 ksi
Cs1 = 2(54.5 - 3.4) = 102.2K
For C s2
1.85
 s2 = × 0.003 = 0.000716
7.75
fs2 = 0.000716 × 29,000 = 20.8ksi 16
C s2 = 2(20.8 - 3.4) = 34.8K
 Example 11.9
Solution
The stresses in the compression steel have been reduced to take into
account the concrete displaced by the steel bars.
6. The balanced force is Pb = Cc +  C s -  T ( = 0.75).
Pb = 265.6 + (102.2 + 34.8) − (120 + 52.8) = 230 K
For a balanced section,
εt= 0.002 and  = 0.65

Pb = 149.5K
7. Take moments about the plastic centroid (axis A–A through the
center of the section) for all forces:
Mb = Pb eb = Cc × 4.16 + C s1 × 5.1 + C s2 × 2.1 + T1 × 5.1 + T2 × 2.1
= 2422.1K· in. = 201.9K· ft
Mb = 131.2K· ft
2422.1 17
eb = = 10.5in.
230
 Example 11.17 Circular Column

3. For a balanced condition,

87 87
cb = dt = 17.12 = 10.13 in.
87 + fy 147

c = 11.54 in.>cb
which is a tension failure case.

18
 Example 11.18 Circular Column
Design a 16-in. circular column subject to biaxial bending using the
equivalent uniaxial moment method. Given P u = 200 K, Mux = 1000 K· in,

Muy = 700 K· in, f'c = 4ksi, fy = 60 ksi.

Solution
1. Determine nominal load:
For spiral column  = 0.75
Nominal load = 200/0.75 = 266.67 K
Nominal moment capacity about x axis Mnx = 1000/0.75 = 1333.33 K· in.

Nominal moment capacity about y axis Mny = 700/0.75 = 933.33 K· in.

2. Determine the equivalent moment Mnr using Eq. 11.29:

2 2
Mnr = Mnx + Mny = 1333 2 + 933 2 = 1627.54 k· in. 19
 Example 11.18 Circular Column

3. Calculate ρg using interaction diagram (Fig. 11.27):

ComputeAg: 3.14
A g = D2 = × 16 2 = 200.96 in.2
4 4
Pn 266.67
Compute k n = = = 0.33
fcA g 4 × 200.96
Mn 1627.54
Compute Rn = = = 0.13
fcA gh 4 × 200.96 × 15
h - 5 16 - 5
Compute  = = = 0.69
h 16
From the interaction diagram (Fig. 11.27) for  = 0.7, g = 0.05
A st = 0.05 × 200.96 = 10.05 in.2
Provide 8 no. 10 bars, A = 10.16 in2
20
Example 11.18 Circular Column

21
 Example 11.18 Circular Column

4. Check minimum load capacity of the column from Eq. 10.7:

Pnmx = 0.85[(0.85f'c (Ag − Ast) + fyAst ] (ACI Eq. 10.1)
= 0.85(0.75)[(0.85)(4)(200.96 − 10.16) + (60)(10.16)]
= 1023.2K>200 K, the section is adequate

22
11.16 Square and Rectangular Columns under biaxial bending
11.16.1 Bresler Reciprocal Method
Square or rectangular columns with unequal bending moments about
their major axes will require a different amount of reinforcement in
each direction.
An approximate method of analysis of such sections was developed
by Boris Bresler and is called the Bresler reciprocal method [9, 12].
According to this method, the load capacity of the column under
biaxial bending can be determined by using the following expression:

1 1 1 1
= + - (11.31)
Pu Pux Puy Pu0
or
1 1 1 1
= + - (11.32) 23
Pn Pnx Pny Pn0
 11.16.1 Bresler Reciprocal Method
where
Pu = factored load under biaxial bending

Pux = factored uniaxial load when the load acts at eccentricity e y and

ex = 0

Puy = factored uniaxial load when the load acts at an eccentricity e x and

ey = 0

Pu0= factored axial

Pu load when
Puxex = ey = 0 Puy Pu0
Pn = Pnx = Pny = Pn0 =
   

The uniaxial load strengths Pnx, Pny,and Pn0 can be calculated according
to the equations and method given earlier in this chapter. After that,24they
 11.16.1 Bresler Reciprocal Method
The Bresler equation is valid for all cases when P n is equal to or

greater than 0.10Pn0.

When Pn is less than 0.10Pn0, the axial force may be neglected and

the section can be designed as a member subjected to pure biaxial

bending according to M
the following
Muy equations:
ux
+ 1.0 (11.33)
Mx My
or
Mnx Mny
+ 1.0 (11.34)
Mox Moy
where
Mux = Puey = design moment about x axis

Muy = Puex = design moment about the y axis

25

M and M = uniaxial moment strengths about the x and y axes

 11.16.1 Bresler Reciprocal Method

Mux Muy Mx My
Mnx = Mny = M0x = M0y =
   
The Bresler equation is not recommended when the section is subjected
to axial tension loads.

26
 11.16.2 Bresler Load Contour Method
In this method, the failure surface shown in Fig. 11.26 is cut at a

constant value of Pn, giving the related values of Mnx and Mny.
The general non dimension expression for the load contour method is
1 2
 Mnx   Mny 
  +   = 1.0 (11.35)
 
 M0x   M0y 

Bresler indicated that the exponent  can have the same value in both
terms of this expression (1 = 2).
Furthermore, he indicated that the value of  varies between 1.15 and
1.55 and can be assumed to be 1.5 for rectangular sections.
For square sections,  varies between 1.5 and 2.0, and an average
value of =1.75 may be used for practical designs.
27
11.14 Biaxial Bending

28
 11.16.2 Bresler Load Contour Method
When the reinforcement is uniformly distributed around the four faces
in square columns,  may be assumed to be 1.5:
1.5 1 .5
 Mnx   Mny 
  +  = 1.0 (11.36)
M 
 M0x   0y 

The British Code assumed  = 1.0, 1.33, 1.67, and 2.0 when the
Pu
ratio 1.1P is equal to 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and ≥ 0.8, respectively.
uo

29
 11.17 PARME LOAD CONTOUR METHOD
The load contour approach, proposed by the PCA, is an extension of
the method developed by Bresler.
In this approach, which is also called the Parme method [11], a point B

on the load contour (of a horizontal plane at a constant P n shown in

Fig. 11.28) is defined such that the biaxial moment capacities M nx and

Mny are in the same ratio as the uniaxial moment capacities M 0x and

M0y; Mnx M0x Mnx Mny

= or = =
that is, Mny M0y M0x M0y

The ratio β is shown in Fig. 11.28 and represents that constant portion
30

of the uniaxial moment capacities that may be permitted to act

11.17 PARME LOAD CONTOUR METHOD

31
 11.17 PARME LOAD CONTOUR METHOD

For practical design, the load contour shown in Fig. 11.28 may be
approximated by two straight lines, AB and BC. The slope of line AB is
1   
.
 , and the slope of line(1
BC is)
- Therefore, when
Mny Mnx
>
M0y M0x
then
Mny Mnx  1-  
+ 
    =1 (11.37)
M0y M0x  
and when
Mny Mnx

M0y M0x
Mnx Mny  1-  
+ 
    =1 (11.38)
M0x M0y  
32
 11.17 PARME LOAD CONTOUR METHOD
The actual value of β depends on the ratio P n/P0 as well as the

material and properties of the cross section.

For lightly loaded columns, β will vary from 0.55 to 0.7.
An average value of β = 0.65 can be used for design purposes.
When uniformly distributed reinforcement is adopted along all faces of

rectangular columns, the ratio M0y/M0x is approximately b/h, where b

and h are the width and total depth of the rectangular section,
respectively.
Substituting this ratio in Eqs. 11.37 and 11.38,
 b  1 -  
Mny + Mnx     M0y (11.39)
 h   
and
 h  1 -  
Mnx + Mny     M0x (11.40) 33
 b   
 11.17 PARME LOAD CONTOUR METHOD
h
For  = 0.65 and = 1.5,
b
M0y Mny + 0.36Mnx (11.41)
and
M0x Mnx + 0.80Mny (11.42)

From this presentation, it can be seen that direct explicit equations for
the design of columns under axial load and biaxial bending are not
available.
Therefore, the designer should have enough experience to make an

initial estimate of the section using the values of P n, Mnx, and Mny and
the uniaxial equations and then check the adequacy of the column
section using the equations for biaxial bending or by computer. 34
 Example 11.19

The section of a short tied column is 16 × 24 in. and is reinforced with

eight no. 10 bars distributed as shown in Fig. 11.29. Determine the
design load on the section Pn if it acts at ex = 8 in. And ey = 12 in. Use

f'c = 5ksi, fy = 60 ksi, and the Bresler reciprocal equation.

Solution
1. Determine the uniaxial load capacity Pnx about the x axis when

ey = 12 inch. In this case, b = 16 in., h = 24 in., d = 21.5 in., d'= 2.5

in., and As = A's = 3.81 in.2

The solution will be performed using statics following the steps of
Examples 11.2 and11.4 for balanced and compression-control
35
conditions.
Example 11.19

36
Example 11.19

a. For the balanced condition,

 87   87 
c b =   d=  21.5 = 12.72 in.
 87 + fy   147 
ab = 0.80(12.72 ) = 10.18 in. (1 = 0.8 when f c = 5ksi)
 c - d 
Cc = 0.85 fc ab = 692.3K 
fs = 87  = 69.9ksi
 c 
Then fs = 60 ksi.
Cs = A s (f y - 0.85 fc ) = 212.4K T = A s fy = 228.6K
P0x = Cc + Cs - T = 676.1K
Pbx = 0.65Pbx = 439.5K ( = 0.65 for  t = 0.002)

37
Example 11.19

b. For ey = 12 in. < d = 21.5 in., assume compression failure and

follow the steps of Example 11.4 to get a = 10.65 in. and c =
a/0.8 = 13.31 in. >cb = 12.72 in. Thus, compression controls.
Check  c - d 

fs = 87  = 70 ksi > fy
 c 
Therefore, f s = 60 ksi. Check
d-c
fs = 87  = 53.53 ksi > 60 ksi
 c 

Calculate forces: Cc = 0.85f'cab = 724.2K, Cs = A's (fy − 0.85f'c )

=212.4K, T = Asfs = 203.95 K, Pnx = Cc + Cs − T = 732.6 K.

Pnx >Pbx , so this is a compression failure case as assumed. 38

 Example 11.19
d-c
t =   0.003 = 0.00185
 c 
 t < 0.002  = 0.65
Pux = Pnx = 476.2K
c. Take moments about As using Eq. 11.11,
d'= 9.5in. e' = 21.5in.

1  a 
Pnx =  C c  d -  + C s (d - d) = 732.6K
e   2 
2. Determine the uniaxial load capacity Pny about the y axis when

ex = 8 in. In this case, b =24 in., h = 16 in., d = 13.5 in., d'= 2.5 in.,

and As = A's = 3.81 in.2

39
The solution will be performed using statics, as explained in step 1.
Example 11.19
a. Balanced condition:

 87   87 
cb =  d =  13.5 = 7.99 in. ab = 0.8(7.99) = 6.39 in.
 87 + f   147 
 y 

 c - d 
Cc = 0.85 fc ab = 651.8K fs = 87  = 59.8ksi
 c 
Cs = A s (fs - 0.85 fc ) = 211.6K T = A s fy = 228.6K
In a balanced load, Pby = Cc + Cs - T = 634.8 K,
Pby = 0.65, and Pby = 444.4 K.

b. For ex = 8 in., assume compression failure case and follow the

steps of Example 11.4 to get a = 6.65 in. and c = a/0.8 = 8.31 in.
40
>cb (compression failure). Check
 Example 11.19

 c - d 
fs = 87  = 60.8ksi
 c 
Therefore, fs = 60 ksi. Check
d-c
fs = 87  = 54.3ksi
 c 
Calculate forces: Cc = 0.85f'c ab = 678.3K,Cs = A's (60 − 0.85f'c ) =

212.4K, T = Asfs = 206.9K, Pny = Cc + Cs − T = 683.3 K, and

φPny = Puy = 0.65 Pny = 444.5 K. Because Pny >Pby , compression failure
occurs, as assumed:
d-c
t =   0.003 = 0.00187
 c 
 t < 0.002  = 0.65
Puy = Pny = 444.5K
41
 Example 11.19

c. Take moments about As using Eq. 11.11:

d'= 5.5in. e'= 13.5in.
1  a 

Pny =  Cc  d -  + Cs (d - d ) = 683.8K
e   2 

3. Determine the theoretical axial load P n0:

Pn0 = 0.85 fcA g + A st (f y - 0.85 fc )
= 0.85(5)(16 × 24) + 10.16(60 - 0.85 × 5) = 2198.4K
Pn0 = 0.65Pn0 = 1429 K
4. Using the Bresler equation (Eq. 11.31), multiply by 100:
100 100 100 100
= + - = 0.365
Pu 476.2 444.5 1429
Pu = 274 K and Pn = Pu 0.65 = 421.5K 42
 Example 11.19
Notes
1. 1. Approximate equations or the ACI charts may be used to calculate
Pnx and Pny. However, since the Bresler equation is an approximate
solution, it is preferable to use accurate procedures, as was done in
this example, to calculate Pnx and Pny. Many approximations in the
solution will produce inaccurate results. Computer programs based
on statics are available and may be used with proper checking of the
output.
2. 2. In Example 11.19, the areas of the corner bars were used twice,
once to calculate Pnx and once to calculate Pny. The results obtained
are consistent with similar solutions. A conservative solution is to
use half of the corner bars in each direction, giving A s = A's =2(1.27)
43
 Example 11.20
Determine the nominal design load, Pn, for the column section of the
previous example using the Parme load contour method; see Fig. 11.30
Solution
1. Assume β = 0.65. The uniaxial load capacities in the direction of x
and y axes were calculated in Example 11.19:
Pux = 476.2K Puy = 444.5K Pnx = 732.6K Pny = 683.8K
2. The moment capacity of the section about the x axis is
M0x = Pnx ey = 732.6 × 12
The moment capacity of the section about the y axis is
M0y = Pny ex = 683.8 × 8K· in

3. Let the nominal load capacity be Pn. The nominal design moment
44
on
 Example 11.20
Mnx = Pney = Pn × 12 K· in.
and that about the y axis is
Mny = Pnex = 8Pn
Mny Mnx

4. Check if : M0y M0x
8Pn 12Pn
> or 1.463 × 10 -3 Pn > 1.365 × 10 -3 Pn
683.8 × 8 732.6 × 12
Mny Mnx
Then > . Therefore, use Eq. 11.34.
M0y M0x
8Pn 12Pn  1 - 0.65 
   =1
5. 683.8 × 8 732.6 × 12  0.65 
Multiply by 1000 to simplify calculations.
1.463Pn + 0.735Pn = 1000
Pn = 455 K Pu = Pn = 295.75 K ( = 0.65)

Note that Pu is greater than the value of 274K obtained by the Bresler
45

reciprocal method (Eq. 11.31) in the previous example by about 8%.

Example 11.20

46