Chemical Based Hazards:

Sulphonating Hazard, Organic Solvent Hazard

Prepared by: SOFIYA BHOJANI Guided by: HETA SHAH

M.Pharm 2nd Sem (Q.A)

Faculty of Pharmacy
The Maharaja Sayajiroa University of Baroda
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 Sulphonating Hazard

• The introduction of sulphonic acid group in benzene ring is called

sulphonation.
• When benzene is heated with fuming sulphuric acid or concentrated
sulphuric acid it yields benzene sulphonic acid.
• The sulphonating hazard is due to the corrosive nature of six
membered ring structure and fumes of sulphur trioxide.

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• Types of sulphonating agent:
Chlorosulphuric acid:
• It cause sever skin irritation.
• It can irritate the nose and throat causing coughing.
• On repeatate exposure it may affect liver and kidneys.

Concentrated sulphuric acid and fuming sulphuric acid(Oleum):

• It can cause sever skin burn and serious eye damage.
• It can damage the skin.
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Ethyl methane sulfonates:
◦It is combustible liquid.
◦It can affect you when breathed in.
◦Contact can irritate the skin and eyes.

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 Handling and protection

Chlorosulphonic acid:
◦Avoid skin contact with Chlorosulphonic Acid. Wear acid resistant
gloves and clothing.
◦protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean,
available each day, and put on before work.
◦ Safety equipment manufacturers recommend Polyethylene as protective
material.

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Eye Protection:
◦ Wear indirect-vent, impact and splash resistant goggles when working
with liquids.
◦ Wear a face shield along with goggles when working with corrosive,
highly irritating or toxic substances.

Respiratory protection:
◦ Where the potential exists for overexposure to Chlorosulphonic Acid,
use a NIOSH approved supplied air respirator with a full facepiece
operated in a pressure demand or other positive-pressure mode.

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 Handling And Storage:
◦ Prior to working with Chlorosulphonic Acid you should be trained on its
proper handling and storage.
◦Chlorosulphonic Acid must be stored to avoid contact with WATER;
MOIST AIR; STRONG ACIDS (such as HYDROCHLORIC, SULFURIC and
NITRIC); STRONG BASES (such as SODIUM HYDROXIDE and POTASSIUM
HYDROXIDE); COMBUSTIBLES; ALCOHOLS; CRESOLS; and ALDEHYDES
since violent reactions occur.
◦Chlorosulphonic Acid is not compatible with OXIDIZINGAGENTS (such
as PERCHLORATES, PEROXIDES, PERMANGANATES, CHLORATES,
NITRATES, CHLORINE, BROMINE and FLUORINE); FINELY DIVIDED METALS;
AMINES; ORGANICS; PLASTICS; and RUBBER.
◦Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area.
◦Wherever Chlorosulphonic Acid is used, handled, manufactured, or
stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.
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 Handling and protection
Sulphuric acid:
◦Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye and face protection.
◦Wash exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
◦Store and use only in a well-ventilated area.
◦Keep containers tightly closed.
◦In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
◦IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes.
◦IF ON SKIN: Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
◦Rinse skin with water or shower.
◦For large area burns, immediately call a poison center/doctor.
◦Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
◦IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for
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breathing.
 Handling And Storage:
◦Store in a dry, cool, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. Keep
in tightly closed containers which are appropriately labeled.
◦ Do not allow contact with water.
◦Do not store near alkaline substances.

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 Handling and protection

Ethyl methane sulphonates:

◦In case of spilling evacuate person not waring protective equipment from
area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete.
◦Remove all ignition source.
◦Cover it with dry lime, sand or soda ash.
◦Label this dispose as a HAZARDOUS WAST.

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◦Training of person is necessary before handling .
◦It is not completable with oxidizing gent, water and strong base.
◦Store in tightly closed container in a cool, well ventilated area
away from moisture.
◦Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are
prohibited where Ethyl Methanesulfonate is used, handled, or
stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazards.

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 Organic solvent hazards:

◦ORGANIC SOLVENTS are one of the most trivialized hazards. They are
used for million purposes in chemical reactions.
◦Some of the regularly used organic solvents are Acetone, Acetonitrile,
Cyclohexane, and Ethanol, Methyl alcohol, Toluene and Xylene.
◦Almost every organic solvent is health hazard if swallowed or inhaled more
than the listed quantity. Most of the organic solvents are skin irritants if came
contact with the skin.
◦The Impact will be based on the Concentration of the solvent and duration of
exposure and the toxicity of the solvent.
◦Signs and symptoms suggestive of CNS involvement range from headaches,
tiredness, and dizziness to behavioral changes, unconsciousness, and death.
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 Organic solvent hazards:

◦The following characteristic of organic solvent determine the type of

hazard they present : FLAMABILITY FLASHPOINT
1. Volatility
2. Evaporation tendency HIGHLY FLAMABLE <23

3. Low flash points

FLAMABLE 23 - 61
4. Flamability
COMBUSTIBLE 61 -50

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 Acetonitrile

◦Acetonitrile is a harmful substance that has unfriendly wellbeing impacts

and can prompt Death.
◦The potential for Acetonitrile danger relies on upon the sum, course, time
and recurrence of exposure:
◦By inward breath of Acetonitrile vapors or by the retention of the fluid or
vapors through the skin and eyes the introduction occurs in human body.
◦Indications are typically stomach torment, writhing's, worked breathing,
shortcoming, obviousness and redness in the skin and eyes.

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 Toluene

◦The CNS is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and
animals for acute and chronic exposures.
◦The individuals exposed to toluene for longer durations suffer CNS
disorders and narcosis showing following symptoms Headache, Nausea, and
drowsiness. Exposure at higher concentrations result Cardiac arrhythmia.

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 Xylene

◦Xylene is a toxic aromatic hydrocarbon widely used pharmaceutical

industries and research agencies as solvent.
◦Xylene threshold limit value in the working environment is100ppm.
◦Xylene vapour is absorbed rapidly through the lungs and xylene liquid and
vapour are absorbed slowly through the skin.

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Xylene

◦Xylene at higher concentrations narcotic effect causing neurological

disbalance along with damaging the upper respiratory tract
◦Xylene’s prolong exposure cause leukopenia anemia ECG abnormalities
cyanosis dyspepsia .
◦Xylene vapour also reduce the liver size , increase in serum bile acid levels ,
disabalance in biochemical cycle .

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REFERENCES

◦Agarwal, P., Goyal, A., & Vaishnav, R. (2018). Chemical hazards in

pharmaceutical industry: An overview. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical
and Clinical Research, 11(2), 1–5.
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.23160
◦Bhusnure, O. G., Dongare, R. B., Gholve, S. B., & Giram, P. S. (2018).
Chemical hazards and safety management in pharmaceutical industry.
Journal of Pharmacy Research, 12(3), 357–369.

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THANK YOU

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