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Hall Effect

The Hall effect is the generation of a voltage difference across a conductor when it carries current in a magnetic field, discovered by Edwin Herbert Hall in 1879. The document explains the theory, setup, working, and applications of the Hall effect, including its use in current sensors, electric motor control, and magnetometers. It also emphasizes the importance of accurately measuring Hall voltage and maintaining experimental conditions for reliable results.

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M.Sufyan M.Sufyan
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4 views

Hall Effect

The Hall effect is the generation of a voltage difference across a conductor when it carries current in a magnetic field, discovered by Edwin Herbert Hall in 1879. The document explains the theory, setup, working, and applications of the Hall effect, including its use in current sensors, electric motor control, and magnetometers. It also emphasizes the importance of accurately measuring Hall voltage and maintaining experimental conditions for reliable results.

Uploaded by

M.Sufyan M.Sufyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presented By:

M Shafiq
M Arshad
M Arslan aslam
Zahid Mushtaq
Safdar shah
M Ishaq
M Tahir
Definition
The Hall effect is the production of a
voltage difference (the Hall voltage)
across a current carrying conductor (in
presence of magnetic field),
perpendicular to both current and the
magnetic field.
Discovery
The Hall effect was discovered in 1879
by Edwin Herbert Hall while working on
his doctoral degree at the Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore,
Maryland, USA.
Theory
• A static magnetic field has no effect on
a charged particle unless it is moving.
• When charges flow, a mutually
perpendicular force (Lorentz force) is
induced on the charge.
• Now electrons and holes are separated
by opposite force.
Theory
• This produces a electric field which
depends upon cross product of magnetic
intensity [H] and current density [J]
Eh=R(JxH)
• R is called Hall Coefficient
• Consider a Semiconductor bar along X-
axis, Magnetic field along Z-axis. Thus
Eh will be along Y-axis.
Setup
Electromagnet
Digital hall Gaussmeter
effect setup

Hall Probe
Working
1. Conductor is kept
in a magnetic
field.
2. Current is passed
through it.
3. We get a reading
in voltmeter kept
perpendicular to
the conductor.
Recording Observation
• After setup the
Hall Voltage is
measured as a
function of –

Hall Voltage
1. Current keeping
magnetic field
constant.
2. Magnetic field
keeping current
constant.
Current
Conclusions
1. Hall Coefficient can be determined using
Rh=Vhb/IH
2. Hall effect can be used to determine the signs of
current carrier in metals and semiconductor.
3. A straight graph between Hall voltage & Current
and between Hall voltage & Magnetic field
confirms their linear relationship. This point has
important meaning as hall effect can be
effectively used to determine current or magnetic
field, when other is known.
Precautions
1. Hall Voltage should be measured very
carefully and accurately.
2. Distance between pole pieces of
Electromagnet should not be changed
during the whole experiment.
3. Current passing through
semiconductor slab should be strictly
within permissible limit.
Applications
Hall effect devices produce a very low
signal level and thus require
amplification. In early 20th century
vacuum tube amplifiers were expensive
and unreliable. But with the
development of the low cost integrated
circuit the Hall effect sensor became
suitable for mass application.
Current Sensor
• When electrons flow through
a conductor, a magnetic field
is produced.
• Thus, it is possible to create a
non-contacting current
sensor. This has several
advantages:
1. No additional resistance (a
shunt) need be inserted in
the primary circuit.
2. Also, the voltage present
on the line to be sensed is
not transmitted to the
sensor, which enhances Hall effect current sensor with
the safety of measuring internal integrated circuit
equipment. amplifier.
Electric Motor Control
Some types of brushless
DC electric motors use Hall
effect sensors to detect the
position of the rotor and
feed that information to the
motor controller. This
allows for more precise
motor control.
Magnetometer
• Smart phones like iPhone
3GS are equipped with
magnetic compass.
• These compass measure
Earth‘s magnetic field using
3-axis magnetometer.
• These magnetometer are
sensors based on Hall Effect.
• These sensors produce a
voltage proportional to the
applied magnetic field and
also sense polarity.
And there are many more
applications of hall effect…
thank you

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