Growth and Development

from birth to 1 year (Infants)

 Physical Growth
Weight: Average birth weight of newborn is 2.5 kg. It decreases by 10% in first 10 days of life and then
increases at the rateof.500 to600.grams per month during first 6 months.
Length: At birth the length of newborn is 45-50 cm. It increases approximately 2-2.5 cm per month
during first six months.
Head Circumference: At birth it is approximately 33-35 cm and increases at the rate of 1.5 cm per month
during first six months.
Chest circumference: It is about 31-33 cm Pulse rate is 130+20 /minute Respiration is 35 + 10 minute.
Blood pressure is 80/50 20/10 mm Hg.
Reflexes: The baby has well developed sucking, rooting, swallowing, and extrusion reflex. Baby also has
Moro's, Tonic neck and Crossed Extensor reflex.
One month
Motor Development
a. Gross Motor
Lies in flexed position with hands
Turns head when in prone position.
Head lags Behind when baby is pulled up from supine, to sitting position
One month
Sensory Development
Protective blinking reflex is present.
Notices faces and bright objects but only if they are in
line of vison
One month
Language Development
Startles to loud noises
Responds to human voice
A Makes comfort sounds during feeding.
Begins to Coo
Newborn Senses
-Touch , Vision ,Hearing , Taste Smell
Touch It is the most highly developed. Sense
. It is mostly at lips, tongue, ears, and forehead.
The newborn is usually comfortable with touch.

Vision Pupils react to light Bright lights appear

to be unpleasant to newborn infant. Follow
objects line of vision
Hearing The newborn infant usually makes some
response to sound from birth
Ordinary sounds are heard well before 10days of life.
The newborn infant responds to sounds.

Taste
Well developed as bitter and sour fluids are resisted
while sweet fluids are accepted
2 Months
Physical Development
Posterior fontanel closes at 6-8 weeks age
Tears start appearing
Drooling begins.
Obligate (Preferential) nose breathers
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
A. Gross Motor
Less fixed prone position-Arms flexed, hip flat and
legs extended.
Lifts head almost to 45 above flat surface when
lying prone.
B. Fine Motor
Hands may be Open
Holds a rattle when placed in hand.
Fine Motor
Grasp reflex is strong.
Baby can grasp an object placed in hand but drops
it immediately.
Sensory Development
Turns head to side when sound occurs at ear level.
Eyes follow moving objects and persons nearby.
Visual acuity is hyper optic.
. Language Development
Laughs and squeals Crying becomes differentiated, varying
with reason for crying, e.g. hunger, sleep, pain, etc.
Utters single vowel sounds such as ah and "eh’
Social Development
Smiles to mother/caregiver.
Knows that cry will bring attention.
 Months 3
Physical Development
Flexion posture is reduced Grasping, Crossed Extensor and Moro's reflex disappears.
Landau reflex appears.
2. Motor Development
a. Gross Motor
Able to lift head to 90 when in prone position.
Able to hold head erect but head still bobs forward.
Rolls over from back to side.
b. Fine Motor
Can grasp a toy but lacks firm hold.
Hands open and closed loosely.
Carries objects hands to mouth at will
Sensory Development
Turns head and looks in same direction to locate sound.
Blinks at objects that threaten the eyes.
Beginning of ability to coordinate various sensory stimuli.
Language Development
Cries less
Shows pleasure in making sound Chuckles and coos.
Social Development
May laugh loud.
Looks in direction of speaker.
4 Months
1. Physical Development
Drooling indicates appearance of saliva.
Tonic neck and rooting reflex disappears.
2. Motor Development
a. Gross Motor
Holds head erect and steady when placed in sitting position.
Sits for short time with adequate support.
Lifts head and shoulders at 90" when prone and looks around.
Head lag disappears when pulled to sit.
b. Fine Motor
Brings hands together in midline and plays with fingers.
Reaches for objects.
Sensory Development
Follows objects
Fairly good binocular vision.
Beginning of hand-eye coordination.
Language Development
Utters two syllable vowel sounds.
Can vocalize consonants like 'm, b, g’.
Responds differently to pleasant and angry voice.
Social Development
Initial social play by smiling
 5 Months
1. Physical Development
Weight almost double of birth weight. Can breathe through mouth when nose is obstructed
Motor Development
a. Gross Motor
Sits with slight support.
Holds back straight when pulled to a sitting position.
Pulls feet up to mouth when in supine.
Rolls from back to abdomen.
b. Fine Motor
Attempts to 'catch' dangling objects with two hands.
Begins use of forefinger and thumb in a pincer grasp.
Tries to obtain objects beyond reach.
Can hold one object while looking at another.
 5 Months
Sensory Development
Stops crying in response to music.
Visual acuity is 20/20.
Language Development
Responds to his/her name
Looks in direction of sound made below ear.
Vocalizes displeasure when desired object is taken away.
Begins to mimic sound.
Cries on seeing strangers.
Social Development
Smiles to self in mirror.
Differentiates strangers from family members.
 6 Months
Physical Development
Weight gain is about 300-400 gms/month during next 6 months.
Length increases at the rate of 1.25 cm/month.
Head circumference increases at the rate of 0.5-1 cm/month.
Pulse rate is 120 + 20/minute.
Respiration is 31 +9/minute.
Blood pressure is 90/60 + 28/10 mm Hg.
Teeth eruption starts with lower two central incisors
6 Months
2. Motor Development
a. Gross Motor
Sits leaning forward on both hands.
Moves from place to place by rolling.
Back is straight when sitting in high chair.
b. Fine Motor
Can grasp at will.
Drops one object when offered another.
Begins to transfer objects form one hand to another.
Manipulates small objects.
6 Months
Sensory Development
Localizes sound made above ear level.
Enjoys more complex visual stimuli.
Moves in order to see an object.
Language Development
Babbling Vocalizes monosyllable like ma, da, ba. Recognizes familiar words.
Talks to own image in mirror.
Social Development
Recognizes parents.
Extends arms to be picked.
 7 Months

1. Physical Development
Parachute reflex appears.
Ultimate color of iris is established.
Mashes food with jaws.
2. Motor Development
a. Gross Motor
Lifts head as if trying to sit-up when in supine position.
Rolls more easily from back to abdomen.
Sustains all weight on feet when held in standing position.
Early stepping movements.
b. Fine Motor
Holds two toys together.
Sensory Development
Has preference in taste for food.
Depth perception is beginning to develop.
Language Development
Recognizes own name.
Responds with gestures to words such as "come" Vocalizes baba' "dada’.
Social Development
Shows fear of strangers.
Closes lips tightly when disliked food is offered.
Physical Development
8 Months
Begins to show pattern in bladder and bowl elimination.
Eruption of upper central incisors.
2. Motor Development
a. Gross Motor Pulls to standing position with help.
Raises self to sitting position. Palmar grasp disappears.
b. Fine Motor
Holds two objects while looking at third.
Releases objects from hands at will.
Uses index finger and thumb like pincers.
Feeds self with finger foods.
Drinks from cup with assistance.
 Sensory Development
Depth perception is developing Recognizes familiar words and
sounds.
Language Development Begins to understand meaning of "NO".
Continues syllable 'dada, mama' without specific meaning.
Babbles to produce consonant sounds.
Social Development
Fear of strangers.
Dislike dressing and diaper change.
Separation anxiety develops.
 9 Months
1. Physical Development
Eruption of upper lateral incisors.
Motor Development
a. Gross Motor
Sits down.
Drinks from cup or glass with help.
Crawls and creeps.
Holds own bottle.
b. Fine Motor
Rings bell.
Holds bottle and places nipple in mouth when wants it.
Sensory Development

Head turns directly to source of sound. Recognizes by looking

or moving towards familiar objects when named.
4. Language Development
Stops activity in response to "N0".
Social Development
Dislikes face wash.
Cries when scolded.
Wants to please caregiver
10 Months
1. Physical Development
Drooling stops.
Macula is well-developed and fine visual discrimination can be
made
2. Motor Development
a. Gross Motor Walking skill development continues.
Creeps and cruises well.
Does not want to lie down unless sleepy. Makes stepping movements
forward when two hands are held
b. Fine Motor
Fine pincer grasp of tiny objects. Brings hands together and play
Sensory Development

Tilts head backward to see up.

Localizes sound from above or below ear.
Searches for a lost toy
Language Development
Says dada, mama with meaning.
Comprehends "Bye-Bye".
Imitates sounds of animals.
Social Development
Plays social games with adults.
11 Months
1. Physical Development
.Sleeps 14-16 hours per day.
2. Motor Development
a. Gross Motor
Stands erect with minimum support.
Walks holding on to furniture.
Pushes toys. Cruises well.
b. Fine Motor
Explore objects carefully.
Removes covers from boxes and takes toys out of box.
Beginning to hold pen and make marks on paper.
Sensory Development

Can follow rapidly moving objects.

Language Development
Responds to simple questions.
Understands simple directions.
Imitates specific sounds of others.
Social Development
Reacts to restriction with frustration.
Enjoy playing with empty dish and spoon after meals.
12 Months
Physical Development
Weight becomes triple of birth weight.
Height is increased about 50% of birth.
Head circumference is about 46 cm, increased by 1/3rd since birth.
Chest circumference becomes equal to head circumference.
Pulse rate is 115 20 per minute Respiration is 30+10 per minute
Blood pressure is 96/66 30/24 mm Hg Babinski reflex disappears.
Landau reflex also disappears.
Has 6-8 deciduous teeth.
Motor Development

a. Gross Motor
Stands alone for variable length of time.
Walks few steps with help or alone.
Can sit down from standing position without help.
Improved competence in motor skills through practice.
b. Fine Motor
Development Good pincer grasp.
Picks up small bits of food and transfer to mouth.
Enjoys eating with fingers.
Can drink himself with cup.
Tries to feed himself/herself with spoon but spills contents.
Releases one or more objects inside another object or container.
Sensory Development

Full binocular vision well-established.

Follows fast moving objects with eyes.
Language Development
Has one word or a few in vocabulary.
Comprehends 'give' and stops when told 'no'. Has receptive vocabulary of several words.
Says 3-5 words besides dada, mama.
Recognizes object by name.
Imitates animal sounds.
Vocalization decreases as walking increases.
 Social Development
Responds to request for affection such as kissing.
Attachment developed to primary caregiver.
Cooperates in dressing, e.g. puts arms through sleeves, feet into shoes, etc.
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