NON

PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
M SHAMEERA BANU
M SC (N) I YEAR
 OBJECTIVES
1. Introduction
2. Terminology
3. Why we need sampling
4. Purposes
5. Sampling process
6. Types
7. Uses of non probability sampling
8. Conclusion
9. Summary
10. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
• Sampling is a process of selecting representative units from an entire
population of a study Sampling is not a new development, but in recent times it
is used by people in all fields, even in day-to-day life, to get an understanding
about societies, opinions, or situations. For example, a grain buyer takes
handful of gains to get an idea about entire bag of grains; or for instance, a chef
tests a few morsels of cooked dish to know the correctness of taste and flavors,
similarly a pathologist take only a few milliliters of the blood to measure the
hemoglobin levels of an individual.
 TERMINOLOGY
• Population: Population is the aggregation of all the units in which a researcher interested.
In other words, population is the set of people or entities to which the results of research
are to be generalized. For example, a researcher needs to study the problems faced by
postgraduate nurses of India; in this the 'population' will be all the postgraduate nurses
who are Indian citizens.
• Target population: A target population consists of the total number of people or objects
which are meeting the designated set of criteria. In other words, it is the aggregate of all
the cases with a certain phenomenon (or phenomena) about which the researcher would
like to make a generalization. For example, a researcher is interested in identifying the
complication of diabetes mellitus type-ll among people who have migrated to Ludhiana. In
this instance, the target population are all the migrants at Ludhiana suffering with diabetes
mellitus type I.
• Sampling: Sampling is the process of selecting a representative segment of the population
under study.
CONT,…
• Sample: Sample may be defined as representative unit of a target population, which is
to be worked upon by researchers during their study. In other words, sample consists of
a subset of units which comprise the population selected by investigators or
researchers participate in their research project.

Accessib
Target
le Sampl
Population Populatio
Populati e
n
on
Subjects
WHY WE NEED SAMPLING :
• Sampling makes possible the study of a large, (different
characteristic) Population
• Sampling is for economy
• Sampling is for speed
• Sampling is for accuracy
• Sampling saves the sources of data from being all consumed
 PURPOSES OF SAMPLING
• Economical: In most cases, it is not possible and economical for researchers to study an entire
population. With the help of sampling, the researcher can save lots of time, money, and resources to study
a phenomenon. Therefore, sampling provides an economical option for the researcher to generate
empirical evidences.
• Improved quality of data: It is a proven fact that when a person handles less amount the work or fewer
number of people, then it is easier to ensure the quality of the outcome. Similarly in research, when a
researcher is handling the information from only a part of the population under study, it is easier to
maintain the quality of the research work, which would not be possible in case the entire population was
involved.
• Quick study results: Studying an entire population itself will take a lot of time, and generating research
results of a large mass will be almost impossible as most research studies have time limits. But with a
sample, it is possible to generate study results faster, which is one of the important objectives of every
researcher.
 TYPES OF SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

• Simple random sampling • Purposive sampling

• Stratified random sampling • Convenient sampling
• Systematic random sampling • Consecutive sampling
• Cluster/multistage sampling • Quota sampling
• Sequential sampling • Snow ball sampling
 NON PROBABILITY
• Nonprobability sampling SAMPLING
is a technique wherein the samples are gathered in a
process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of
being selected in the sample. In other words, in this type of sampling every
subject does not have equal chance to be selected because elements are chosen
by choice not by chance through nonrandom sampling methods.
 TYPES OF THE
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Purposive Sampling:
In this sampling method, the researcher selects a "typical group" of individuals
who might represent the larger population and then collects data from this-group.
Also known as Judgmental Sampling.
Merits
• Simple to draw sample and useful in explorative studies.
• Saves recourses, requires less field work.
Demerits
• Requires considerable knowledge about the population under study.
• It is not always reliable sample, as conscious biases may exist.
• The two important weaknesses of purposive sampling stay with the authority and in the
sampling process, both of which relate to the bias and reliability that accompanies the
sampling technique.
• Unfortunately, in order to determine the reliability of the expert or the authority, there is
usually no way. Because of the expert, it is best to ignore sampling errors to opt the most
experienced and best authority in the field of interest.
• It is generally biased as no randomization was utilized in getting the sample when it
comes to the sampling process. It should also be noted that the members of the population
had no equal chances of getting selected. The result of this is the misrepresentation of the
entire population that will thereafter limit generalizations of the results of the study.
• Convenience Sampling: It refers to the procedures of obtaining units or
members who are most conveniently available. It consists of units which are
obtained because cases are readily available. In selecting the incidental sample,
the researcher determines the required sample size and then simply collects
data on that number of individuals who are available easily.
Merits
• This technique is considered easiest, cheapest, and least time
consuming.
• This sampling technique may help in saving time, money and
resources.
Demerits
• The most obvious criticism about convenience sampling is sampling
bias, and that the sample is not representative of the entire population.
• Consecutive sampling is very similar to convenience sampling except that it seeks to
include all accessible subjects as part of the sample. This non probability sampling
technique can be considered as the best of all non probability samples because it
includes all the subjects that are available, which makes the sample a better
representation of the entire population, It is also known as total enumerative sampling.
In this sampling technique, the investigator picks up all the available subjects who are
meeting the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria.
• This technique is generally used in small-sized populations. For example, if a
researcher wants to study the activity pattern of post-kidney-transplant patients, he can
selects all the post-kidney transplant patients who meet the designed inclusion and
exclusion criteria, and who are admitted in post-transplant ward during a specific time
period
Merits :
• There is very little effort on the part of the researcher when performing this
sampling technique.
• It is not expensive, not time consuming, and not workforce intensive.
• Ensures more representativeness of the selected sample.
Demerits :
• The researcher has a no set plans about the sample size and sampling schedule.
• It always does not guarantee the selection of representative sample.
• Results from this sampling technique cannot be used to create conclusions and
interpretations pertaining to the entire population.
• Quota Sampling: The selection of the sample is made by the researcher, who decides
the quotas for selecting sample from specified sub groups of the population. • For
example, an interviewer might be need data from 40 adults and 20 adolescents in order
to study students' television viewing habits.Selection will be• 20 Adult men and 20
adult women• 10 adolescent girls and 10 adolescent boys
Steps and uses of Quota Sampling
• Dividing the population into exclusive subgroups is the initial step in non
probability quota sampling.
• Thereafter, the researcher should recognize the proportions of these subgroups
in the population; this same proportion will be employed in the sampling
process.
• Finally, the researcher choses subjects from various subgroups when taking into
account the proportions noted in the previous step.
• The sample is representative of the entire population and is ensured by the final
step. It also permits the researcher study characteristics and traits that are
significant for each subgroup
Merits
• Economically cheap, as there is no need to approach all the candidates.
• Suitable for studies where the fieldwork has to be carried out, like studies related to market and
public opinion polls.
Demerits
• Although this kind of sampling technique is seen to be wholly representative of the population ,
still in some cases it is not so. Keeping in mind that only the chosen traits of the population
were taken into consideration while forming the subgroups.
• Other traits in the sample may be over-represented in the process of sampling these subgroups.
The final sample may have skewed representation of race, age, educational attainment, marital
status, and a lot more in a study that considers gender, socio-economic status, and religion as
the basis of the subgroups.
• Not possible to estimate errors.
• Bias is possible, as investigator/ interviewer can select persons known to him.
Snowball Sampling: In snowball sampling, the researcher Identifying and selecting
available respondents who meet the criteria for inclusion.
• After the data have been collected from the subject, the researcher asks for a referral
of other individuals, who would also meet the criteria and represent the population of
concern.
• chain sampling, chain-referral, sampling referral sampling
Types:
• Linear snowball sampling
• Exponential non discriminative snowball sampling
• Exponential discriminative snowball sampling
LINEAR SNOWBALL
SAMPLING
• In this each selected sample is asked to provide reference of only one
similar subject; where a linear chain is created by the completion of
desired sample
 EXPONENTIAL NON DISCRIMINATIVE
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
• In this each sample member is asked to provide reference of at least two
similar subjects because of which the size of the sample grows exponentially
and a large sample size can be achieved
 EXPONENTIAL
DISCRIMINATIVE SNOWBALL
SAMPLING
• In this, initially one sample is selected and asked for two reference of similar
subject out of which at least one subject must be active to provide further reference
and another could be non active in providing reference. Similarly each active
reference subject is further asked for two references for similar subjects; out of
them one should be active for further reference.
Merits
• When utilizing other sampling methods, the chain referral process permits the researcher
to reach populations that are difficult to sample.
• The process is simple, cheap, and cost-efficient.
• This sampling technique requires lesser workforce and little planning as compared to other
methods.
Demerits
• The researcher has less control over the sampling method. The subjects that the researcher
can get depend chiefly on the previous subjects that were observed.
• Sample representativeness is not guaranteed. Regarding the true distribution of the
population and of the sample, the researcher has no idea.
• When using this sampling technique, sampling bias is also a matter of great concern for
the researchers. Initial subjects generally nominate people which they are aware of. Due to
this, it is very much possible that the subjects share similar characteristics and traits. Thus,
the sample that the researcher will obtain is possibly a small subgroup of the entire
population.
 CONCLUSION
• Non probability sampling is a valuable approach for research that does
not require statistical generalisation to a larger population. It allows
researchers to collect data quickly and efficiently particularly in cases
where access to a fully representative sample is not feasible. However,
due to the risk of bias and lack of randomness, researches should be
caution when interpreting results and acknowledge the limitations in their
studies.
SUMMARY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Nisha clement , 2019 , Textbook of nursing research and statistics (as per inc
syllabus) 2nd edition published by EMMESS
• Suresh k Sharma , 2022, Textbook of nursing research and statistics, 4 th edition,
published by Elsevier .
• Etikan, I Musa, S A and allcassim R S (2016) comparison of convenience sampling
and purposive sampling. American Journal of theoretical and applied statistics
• Creswell J W and creswell (2018) ,Research design . Qualitative and mixed
methods approaches (5th edition ) sage publication.
 ACTIVITIES
• A study to assess the knowledge regarding the preparation of oral
rehydration solution among the mothers of under five children in a
selected community

• A descriptive study to assess the clinical competence among

undergraduate nursing students in selected nursing colleges, Chennai

• A study to assess depression, anxiety, stress and coping strategies among

patients undergoing hemodialysis at selected hospitals
 ANSWER

• Convenient sampling technique

• Simple random sampling technique

• Purposive sampling technique