UNIT - IV

STARTING AND SPEED

CONTROL OF

THREE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR
Topics to cover

Need for starting – Types of starters – DOL, Rotor

resistance, Autotransformer and Star-delta starters

– Speed control – Voltage control, Frequency

control and pole changing – Cascaded connection-

V/f control – Slip power recovery scheme-Braking

of three phase induction motor: Plugging, dynamic

braking and regenerative braking.

Starter
 Starter of 3 - Phase
Induction motor

CONTENT:
 Necessity of starter
 Function of starter
 Methods of starting
NECESSITY OF
STARTER
 Starting of Induction Motor
 For induction motors, the starting torque (Ts) is approximately
proportional to the square of the starting current ( I ) drawn from the
line. Ts ∝ I2
 This starting current is proportional to the applied voltage (V)

 Torque can also be considered to be approximately proportional to

the applied voltage. Ts ∝ V2
 An induction motor will develop far too much torque when
connected directly to the supply.

At the instant of start-up, there are some un-necessary effect on

electrical and the mechanical components. 6
Un-Necessary Mechanical Effects

The sudden impact at start up on the load, followed by the

rapid acceleration to full speed causes excessive wear on :-
 Belts and pulleys
 Gears and chains
 Couplings and bearings
 Cavitation in pumps etc.

8
 Un-Necessary Electrical Effects

 A heavy current surge on the electrical supply which can

be severe enough to cause voltage dips and flickering

lights.
 Burning of contacts due to high currents which are many

times the motor full-load current.

9
Problems Arises by these Effects

 Continuous maintenance.

 Greater chance of unscheduled shutdowns

 Oversized mechanical and electrical components to

cater for the power surge on start up.
 Short component life.

10
 Solution of the problems…..

Starter
 By Adjusting voltage during starting,

 The current drawn by the motor and the torque produced by

the motor can be reduced and controlled.

11
 Function of starter

 Start and stop the motor.

 Limit inrush current where necessary.
 Permit automatic control when required
 Protect motor and other connected equipments from over
voltage, no voltage, under voltage, single phasing etc.
 Motor Starter Features.

 Rated by current (amperes) or power (horsepower)

 Remote ON/OFF control
 Motor overload protection
 Starting and stopping (electrical life)
 Plugging and jogging (rapid making and breaking current)
 Types of Starter for 3-PhASE
Induction motors
 For slip-ring induction motors:
Rotor rheostat starter

 For squirrel cage induction motors:

D.O.L starter
Primary resistance starter
Auto transformer starter
Star delta starter

 Other starters:
Soft starters
Starting of slip - ring induction
motor

 In case of slip ring induction motors it is possible to add

external resistance in rotor phases as wound rotor has 3-
-phase star connected winding to limit the starting high
current.
Rotor resistance starter
 In rotor resistance starter the three terminals of the rotor winding
are connected to a variable external resistances through slip rings.
 Full supply voltage is applied across the stator. Resistances are
fully in the circuit at starting , so that the starting current is reduced.
The external variable resistance connected in each phase of the
rotor circuit not only reduce the current at starting but increases the
starting torque also due to improvement in power factor.
 The rotor circuit resistance is gradually cut out , as the motor
speeds up and during normal running condition ,the rotor circuit
resistance is completely cut out and the slip rings are short
circuited.
D.O.L.(direct on line)
starter
 D.O.L.(direct on line) starter
 A Starter Which Connects A Motor Directly Across The
Line Is Called D.O.L. Starter.
 In This Method, The Motor Is Connected By Means Of A
Starter Across The Full Supply Voltage.
 It Is Very Simple, Inexpensive, Easy To Install And Maintain.
 It Consist - START Button
- OFF Button
- Electromagnetic Contector
- Overload Relay
 Switching By This Starter Is Directly From Line Without Any
Provision To Control The Starting Current i.e. There Is No
Device To Reduce The Starting Current In This Starter.
 Basically There Are Two Types Of Protection In This Type
of Starter

1)Under Voltage Protection

2)Overload Protection

1) Under Voltage Protection

 When Supply Voltage Is Not Sufficient Or There Is
Failure Of Power Supply , The Coil C Is De-Energized
And Motor Will Be Disconnected.
 2) Overload Protection
.
 The Motor Is Protected Against Overload By A Thermal
Overload Relay Which Open Circuits the Control Circuit When
Overload occure.

 The Normally Closed Contacts O.L Is Opened And The

Contactor Coil C is De-Energized To Disconnect The Motor
From The Supply.

 Rate Of Temperature Is Very High So Motor May Be

Damaged If The Starting Period Is large. Which May Be Due To
Excessive Load Or Excessive Voltage Drop In The Supply Lines.

 Only Used For Less Than 5 KW Squirrel Cage Induction

Motor
 Components of D.O.L. starter :
Components of a DOL Starter
Overload Unit (Thermal type) When motor overheats due to
overload conditions, main poles latch
Main pole terminals 1, 3 & 5 open
Reset
button

N/C
Auxiliary
contacts
95 & 96 Auxiliary contacts also latch open
N/O
Auxiliary and when interlocked within
contacts control circuit prevents motor
97 & 98 restarting by itself when cool.

Red pushbutton can be used to reset

Main pole terminals 2, 4 & 6
Components of a DOL Starter:
Start and Stop pushbuttons
Start button is green Stop button is red and Emergency Stop button has
and flush mounted protruding a red mushroom head which
latches in and must be
turned to release

Contacts at
the back of
switches can
be either N/O
or N/C N/O contact N/C contact
Primary resistance starter
Primary resistance starter
 In this method of starting of 3-Phase induction motor ,
primary resistance are connected in all the three phase of the
stator winding, as a result the applied voltage across the
stator winding at the instant of starting in reduced to a
fraction x of the rated voltage of the motor. Therefore the
initial high starting current will also reduce by the same
fraction.

 If x = fraction of voltage (V) reduced by the stator resistors

 The torque developed by the motor is directly proportional to
the square of applied voltage, so if the voltage applied across
the motor terminal is reduced by fraction X ,starting current is
reduced by fraction X ,but the starting torque is reduced by a
fraction x² of the obtainable with direct switching.

 The purpose of primary or starting resistors is to drop some

voltage and hence reduce the voltage applied across the motor
terminals.
Advantages:
 High power factor during start.
 Smooth acceleration.
 Less expensive than auto-transformer starter in lower output ratings.
 Closed transition starting.

Disadvantages:
 Heat is given of T by the resistors.
 Expensive resistors are required because starting duration usually exceeds 5
seconds.
 Low torque efficiency.

Note: This method is suitable for starting of small machines only

Star-delta starter
 This is very commonly used starter, compared to the other
types of the starters.
 Star-delta starter can be used, provided the stator of the 3-Ø
induction motor is designed for delta connection during its
normal operation.
 At starting, the stator winding is connected in star, therefore
the applied voltage to each phase of winding is 1/√3 of the
rated voltage of the motor.
 When the motor has picked-up the speed(say 70 to 80% of its
normal speed ) the phases of the stator winding are connected
in delta.
 Now full supply voltage is applied across the stator windings.
 This method is cheap but limited to applications where high
starting torque is not necessary e.g., machine tools, pumps,
motor-generator sets etc.

 The method is unsuitable for motors for voltage exceeding 3000

V because of the excessive number of stator turns needed for
delta connection.

 Such starters are employed for starting 3-phase squirrel cage

induction motors of rating between 4 and 20 k W.
 Advantages of Star-Delta starter:

 The operation of the star-delta method is simple and rugged

 It is relatively cheap compared to other reduced voltage
methods.
 Good Torque/Current Performance.
 It draws 2 times starting current of the full load ampere of the
motor connected
 Disadvantages of Star-Delta starter:

 Low Starting Torque, only 33% starting torque

 Break In Supply – Possible Transients
 Six Terminal Motor Required (Delta Connected).
 It requires 2 set of cables from starter to motor.
Auto transformer starter
Auto transformer starter
 Circuit and function
 An auto-transformer starter makes it possible to start squirrel-
cage induction motors with reduced starting current, as the
voltage across the motor is reduced during starting.

 In contrast to the star-delta connection, only three motor leads

and terminals are required. On starting, the motor is
connected to the tapping of the auto-transformer.
 Difference between DOL/Star delta
/Autotransformer

Sr. DOL Starter Star delta starter Auto transformer starter

1 Used up to 5 HP Used 5 HP to 20HP Used above 20 HP

2 Does not decrease Decreases the starting current Decreases the starting
the starting current by 1/3 times current as required

3 It is cheap It is costly It is more costly

4 It connects directly It connects the motor first in It connects the motor
the motor with star at the time of starting in according to the taping
supply for starting delta for running taken out from the auto
as well as for transformer
running
Soft Starter
 Soft Starter

Soft-Starter is an electronic starter

designed to accelerate, deaccelerate
three-phase induction motors and to
control the voltage applied on the motor
during start and stop.

42
 Block Diagram
Soft Starter

3-ø Protective THYRs IM

Devices
Supply

Firing Pulse
Generator

µ-Controller

Power Signal
Control Signal
43
 Starting Principle of Soft Starter

Fig.1

By using six SCR’s in a back to back configuration , the soft starter is able to regulate the
voltage applied to the motor during starting from 0 volts up to line voltage.
Feedback from the motor to the logic circuit used to control the SCR firing for stabilization of
motor acceleration

 Frequency do not change as in VFD

 Only the voltage and current changes.

44
 Features of soft starter

 Soft start and soft stop

 Pulse (kick) start

 Current Control ramps

 Pump Control characteristics

 Tacho/Encoder feedback

 Dual Adjust - start/stop characteristics for varying

loads

46
 SOFT MOTOR STARTING
BASICS
Physics of Reduced Voltage and Motor Torque
If you reduce voltage by 50%, the result is a 75% reduction in motor
torque. (.5)2 = .25 or 25% of Locked
Rotor Torque

180%
Percentage
of Full Rated Full Voltage Torque
Torque
100%

Reduced Voltage Torque

0 Percentage of Full Speed 100%

 SOFT MOTOR STARTING
Example
BASICS
600%

100% Voltage 510%

100

(amps)
%FLA
% 300%
Torque

85% Voltage
72%
(ftlb)

Full Load
50% Voltage
25%
0 Speed -RPM 100
Current % by
Torque required
Torque the load
48
 SOFT MOTOR STARTING
BASICS
Example
600%

100% Voltage 510%

100

(amps)
%FLA
% 300%
Torque

85% Voltage
72%
(ftlb)

Full Load
50% Voltage
25%
0 Speed -RPM 100
Current % by
Torque required
Torque the load
49
 Starting Characteristics:
 Motor terminal voltage less than line voltage (by transformer
ratio).
 Motor current exceeds line current (by inverse of transformer
ratio).
 Starting torque is reduced by the square of the terminal
voltage.
 Advantages:

 Voltage is reduced by transformation and not by dropping the

voltage in resistors, and therefore, the current and power drawn from
the supply mains are also reduced in comparison to resistor starting.
 Adjustment of starting voltage by selection of proper tap on the
auto-transformer.
 The method is suitable for long starting periods.
 Motor current larger than supply current.
 This method can be used for starting of star-connected as well as
delta-connected motors.
 DISADVANTAGES:

 Low power factor.

 Higher cost in case of lower output rating motors.
This method is often employed for starting of large cage
motors (rating exceeding 20 kW).
Difference between Soft Starter And
Autotransformer
Sr. No. Soft Starter Autotransformer

1 No electrical moving Circuitry consists of several

contacts and no oil hence moving parts and hence
no sparking and hazards. sparking is unavoidable.
2 No limitations on the No. of Limited No of starts and
starts and No. of stops per stops per hour because of:
hour. motor windings getting
heated.
3 In rush (starting) current Inrush current restricted to
restricted to 200% of rated maximum of 400% of the
full load current (FLC). FLC.
4 Current limit facility is This facility is not available
available which limits the
current drawn by the motor
plus the load to a desired
safe value.
Speed control of three phase
induction motor

55
 Introduction
 Requirement of Speed control
 Types the speed control in Induction motor
 Advantages & disadvantages

56
 Requirement of speed control
 Speed control means change the drive speed as desired by the
process to maintain different process parameter at different
load .
 Energy Saving.
 Speed control is a different concept from speed regulation where
there is natural change in speed due change in load on the shaft.
 Speed control is either done manually by the operator or by
means of some automatic control device.
 Low speed starting requirement.
57
Methods of Speed Control of
Induction motors

1. Stator side control

2. Rotor side control

58
 Types of Stator side control
 Stator voltage Control
 Stator Frequency Control
 V/F Control
 Pole changing method
 Types of rotor side control
 Adding external resistance in the rotor circuit
 Cascade Control
 Slip power recovery scheme
 Stator side control

 Change in Stator voltage

i. Using Auto transformer

ii. Primary resistor control in series with stator
winding
 Using Auto transformer

3ɸ
Fixed 3ɸ
AC I.M
supply

3 ɸ Auto transformer
Using primary resistor connected in series with the stator winding

3ɸ
Fixed 3ɸ
AC I.M
supply
Change of stator frequency

Prime AC 3 phase
Mover Generator I.M
Voltage / frequency control

3 phase
Rectifier Inverter I.M
Changing the no of Poles
Limit switch
 Soft starter
• By use of power electronic components
 Rotor side control

1. Adding External resistance in the rotor circuit

2. Cascade control
3. Slip power recovery scheme
1. Adding External Resistance in the rotor circuit
Disadvantages :

 The speed above the normal value is not possible.

 Large speed change requires large value of resistance and if

such large value of resistance is added in the circuit it will

cause large copper loss and hence reduction in efficiency.

 Presence of resistance causes more losses.

 This method cannot be used for squirrel cage induction motor.

2. Cascade control (or) tandem control
 Slip rings Slip rings
3 phase
AC
supply

Main Auxiliary
Motor Motor
M1 M2
Mechanical
coupling
1. In this method of speed control of three phase induction motor,
four different speeds can be obtained When only main induction
motor work, having speed corresponds to NS1 = 120 f / P1.

2. When only auxiliary induction motor work, having speed

corresponds to NS2 = 120 f / P2.

3. When cumulative cascading is done, then the complete set runs

at a speed of N = 120 f / (P1 + P2).

4. When differential cascading is done, then the complete set runs

at a speed of N = 120 f / (P1 - P2).
 i. N = 120 f / p1

ii. N = 120 f / p2
Slip rings Slip rings iii. N = 120 f / p1 + p2
3 phase
cumulative cascading
AC
supply iv. N = 120 f / p1 – p2
differential cascading

Shaft

Main Auxiliary
Motor Motor
M1 M2
Mechanical
coupling
Disadvantages :

 This method requires two motors

 More expensive

 Wide range of speed control is not possible

 It cannot be operated when P1 = P2

 Slip Power Recovery Schemes
Secondary foreign voltage control (injected emf in
the secondary)
Three phase
Induction Motor
Three
phase
AC
supply

Power Flow
(Sub Synchronous Frequency Power Flow
Speed) changing (Super Synchronous
equipment Speed)
 3. Slip Power Recovery Schemes
This system is mainly used for Induction motor speed control. The

speed control in induction motor has poor efficiency due to

wasting of slip power in the rotor circuit. By using recovery

schemes the induction motor speed is controlled to avoid slip

power loss.

The slip power is classified into two types

1. Scherbius system
2. Kramer system
This system is again classified into two types
i) Conventional system
 Kramer system
(i) Conventional Kramer system
Improved version of Conventional Kramer system
Improved version of Conventional Kramer
system
(ii) Static Kramer system
 Scherbius system
(i) Conventional Scherbius system
 Scherbius system
(ii) Static Scherbius system
 Sub – synchronous speed operation
Slip power => Rectifier (bridge 1) => Inverter (bridge 2) => Transformer => Supply

 Super synchronous operation

Supply => Transformer => Rectifier (bridge 2) => Inverter (bridge 1) => Rotor circuit
 Braking of Electrical Motors

To stop the machine quickly.

Two types
1. Mechanical Braking
2. Electrical Braking
• There are three main types of Electrical braking.
–Regenerative braking
–Dynamic or Rheostatic braking
–Plugging or Reverse current braking
(i) Regenerative braking

Three Phase
Load

Main Motor
(ii) Dynamic or Rheostatic braking

Three Phase
Load

Main Motor
(ii) Dynamic or Rheostatic braking

Rheostat

Main Motor
(ii) Dynamic or Rheostatic braking

Rheostat

Main Motor
(iii) Plugging or Reverse current braking
 A N K
T H
Y O U