Kinetics of a particle: Work & Energy Chapter 14

Chapter objectives
• Develop the principle of work and energy and apply it in order to solve prob-
lems that involve force, velocity and displacement
• Problems that involve power and efficiency will be studied
• Concept of conservative force will be introduced and application of theorem of
conservation of energy, in order to solve kinetic problems, will be described

As the woman falls, her energy will have to be absorbed by the bungee cord. The principles of work and
energy can be used to predict the motion.
• Kinetics of a particle: Work and Energy (Chapter 14)
• 14.1-14.3
 Work of a force
Force F does work on a particle only
when the particle undergoes a
displacement in the direction of the force

U=F.S
F
S
U = (F cos q) . S
 The Work of a Force

 90 o U is positive

 90 o U is zero
 90 o U is negative


The unit of the work: Joule : 1 joule of work is done when

a force of 1 Newton moves 1 meter along its line of action
1 J = 1 N. m
English Unit Ib.ft
Work of a Constant Force Moving Along a
Straight Line

s2
U 1 2 Fc cos θ  ds
s1

U1 2 Fc cos θ ( s2  s1 )

Work of a Variable Force

r2 s2
U 1 2  F d r  F cos θ ds
r1 s1
 Work of a Weight

r2
U1 2 F dr ( Wj) (dx i  dy j  dz k )
r1
y2
  Wdy  W ( y2  y1 )
y1

U1 2  W (y )

 :  U W :  
 y : vertical displaceme nt  
  :  U W :  
Work of a Spring Force

Fs ks
S2 S2 1 2 2
 U 1- 2  Fs ds  k s ds  k ( s2  s1 )
S1 S1 2

spring takes work

1 1 either compressed or
U1 2  ( ks2 2  ks12 ) Stretched. Therefore,
2 2 Negative sign is placed

Positive work
Negative work
 Positive and negative work ?

Constant towing force T do positive work,

W displacement vector negative work ??
Normal force no displacement no work !
 Procedure for
analysis

Step 1: Select appropriate coordinate system

Step 2: Draw a Free Body Diagram and show all the Forces there.
Usually, look for these forces—External/Gravity/Friction/Normal/
Spring/Tension
Step 3: Calculate Work by each Force with showing (+ve/-ve)signs
Step 4: Find the unknown
 Example14.1
The 10-kg block shown in Figure rests on
the smooth incline. If the spring is origi-
nally stretched 0.5 m, determine the total
work done by all the forces acting on
the block when a horizontal force P=
400 N pushes the block up the plane s=
2m.
Example 14.1
P 400 N k 30 N/m
θ 30 m 10kg
original sretched 0.5 m
U Total ?

1 U P P ds 400 N ( 2 cos 30 ) 692.8 J

1 2 2 1
2 ) U Fs  k ( s2  s1 )  30(2.52  0.52 )  90 J
2 2
3 ) U W  mg (y )  98.1(2 sin 30 )  98.1 J

N B does no work since it is always perpendicu lar to the displaceme nt

 U P  U Fs  U W 692.8  90  98.1 505 J

 14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

 F mat t

applying the Kinetic equation

vdv
at ds v dv  at 
ds
dv
 t F mv
ds
s2 v2
  F ds  mvdv
s1
t
v1

1 1 1 2
  U 1 2
2 2
 mv2  mv1 T  mv Kinatic Energy
2 2 2

T1   U1 2 T2 Useful equation

to obtain final speed
or
14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles (Self Study)

 T  U
1 1 2  T2
 Work and Energy relation

T1   U1 2 T2

1 2 1 2 1 2
( mv1 )  [ Fs  ks  W (y )   k Ns] ( mv 2)
2 2 2
Initial K.E + Work Done = Final K.E
Example 14.2
The 3500-lb automobile shown in the figure is
travelling down the 10ᵒ inclined road at a speed of
20 ft/s. If the driver jams on the brakes, causing his
wheels to lock, determine how far s his tires skid on
the road. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
the wheels and the road is µk = 0.5
Example 14.2
w= 3500 Ib
v1= 20 ft/s
V2=0
mk=0.5
y s= ?

Using the principle of Work & Energy

T1   U1 2 T2
x

1 2 1 2
mv1  (W sin θ s  FA s )  mv2
2 2

 F
y 0 N W cos  3500 cos10 3446.8 Ib

FA N  W cos  0.5 * 3446.8 1723.4 Ib

1 3500
( )( 20) 2  3500( S ) sin 10  1723.4( S ) 0
2 32.2
S 19.5 ft
 Example 14-3
Packages having a mass of 2 kg are
delivered from a conveyer to a
smooth circular ramp with a velocity
of v0=1 m/s as shown in fig. If the ra-
dius of the ramp is 0.5 m, determine
the angle θ=θmax at which each pack-
age begins to leave the surface.
Example 14-3
m=2kg T1   U1 2 T2
Smooth
v0= 1m/s 1 1
q=qmax mv12  Fs  mv2 2
2 2
v2 2 v12  W (0.5  0.5 cosθ max )
v2 2 1  2 9.81(0.5  0.5 cosθ max )
v2 2 1  9.81(1  cosθ max )  (1)
v2
 Fn man  N B  mg cosθ max m ρ
ρ g cosθ max v 2  (2)

 1  9.81(1  cos θmax ) 0.5 9.81 cos θmax

10.81 1.5 9.81 cos θmax
10.81
cos θmax 
1.5 9.81
θmax cos  1 (0.735) 42.7
• Objectives
– Determine power generated by the machine,
engine or motor.
– Mechanical efficiency of the machine
 Applications

The power requirements of this elevator depend upon

the vertical force F that acts on the elevator and
causes it to move upwards
 Power and Efficiency
• Power is defined as the amount of work performed per
unit time. “rate of downing work”

dU F dr dr
P  F  F v
dt dt dt
W  N m / s  J / s
1 hp 550 ft lb / s
746 W
• Mechanical Efficiency :

power output energy output

Efficiency (ε ) 
power input

energy input
1
 Example 14-5
The motor M of the hoist shown in Fig. 14-15 a operates
with an efficiency of ε = 0.85. determine the power that
must be supplied to the motor to lift the 75-lb crate C at
the instant point P on the cable has an acceleration of 4
ft/s2 and a velocity of 2 ft/s. Neglect the mass of the pul-
ley and cable.
 0.85 2sC  s P l
Pin ?
2aC  aP
W 75 Ib
1
a p 4 ft / s 2 aC  aP  2 ft/s 2
v p 2 ft / s 2

 Fy maC
W  2T maC
75
75  2T  ( 2)
32.2
 T 39.8lb
P T v Tv
P 39.8 2 79.6 Ib. ft / s
P 79.6 / 550 0.145hp

Pout 0.145
  0.85  Pin 0.17 (hp )
Pin Pin
 14-49
The 2-Mg car increases its speed
uniformly from rest to 25 m/s in
30 s up the inclined road. Determine
the maximum power that must be
supplied by the engine, which op-
erates with an efficiency of ε = 0.8.
Also find the average power supplied
by the engine.
14.5 Conservative Forces and Potential En-
ergy
• Conservative Force:
• If the work of a force is independent of the path and
depends on the force’s initial and final positions on
the path, then we can classify this force as a conser-
vative force.
– Example weight & spring force
– Work done by weight depends on vertical dis-
placement
– Work done by a spring force depends only on
spring’s elongation or compression
Non-conservative Force:

• dependent of the path

– Example
– The work done by the frictional and applied force
-> depends on the path
-> non-conservative-> the work is dissipated
(heat)

- Force exerted by the friction force exerted on a sliding ob-

ject by a fixed surface, longer the path, the great the
work.
• Energy: “capacity for doing work”
– Energy comes from the motion -> Kinetic energy
– Energy comes from the position-> Potential energy
– Potential energy is a measure of the amount of
work a conservative force will do when it moves from
a given position to the datum.
– In mechanics, potential energy due to gravity
(weight) or an elastic spring is important
Gravitational potential Energy :

Vg Wy
 y up
 y down

Elastic potential energy :

1 2
Ve  ks
2
Potential Function:
particle subjective to both gravitational and elastic force

1 2
V Vg  Ve  Ws  ks
2

Work ; U1 2 V1  V2

1 2 1 2
U1 2 V1  V2 ( Ws1  ks1 )  ( Ws2  ks2 )
2 2
1 2 2
W (s2  s1 )  (ks2  ks1 )
2
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy

T1   U1 2 T2
T1  {(V1  V2 )  ( U1 2 ) noncons.} T2

T1  V1 T2  V2
1 2
T  mv
2
1 2
V W y  k s
2
For a system of Particles

 T  V  T  V
1 1 2 2
Example

E1 T1  V1 0  Wh Wh

1
1W 2 h
E2 T2 V2  v2 W 
2 g 2
2
2 h
v 2 v0  2aC(y  y0 ) v  2 g  gh
2
3
1W 1
 E2  gh  Wh Wh
2 g 2

E3 T3  V3 
1W 2
2 g
1W 
 

2
v3  W 0    2 gh Wh
2 g 

Example
14.11