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Reynolds Transport Theorem (1)

The document covers fundamental concepts in Water Resources Engineering, focusing on fluid mechanics, including the Reynolds Transport Theorem and the distinction between systems and control volumes. It discusses conservation laws for mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy, along with practical examples and applications such as jet propulsion and pipe flow measurements. Additionally, it introduces instruments like the venturimeter and orificemeter for measuring flow rates.

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yadavashish2006830
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3 views50 pages

Reynolds Transport Theorem (1)

The document covers fundamental concepts in Water Resources Engineering, focusing on fluid mechanics, including the Reynolds Transport Theorem and the distinction between systems and control volumes. It discusses conservation laws for mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy, along with practical examples and applications such as jet propulsion and pipe flow measurements. Additionally, it introduces instruments like the venturimeter and orificemeter for measuring flow rates.

Uploaded by

yadavashish2006830
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE2204

Water Resources Engineering 1

Revision of Fluid
Mechanics: Reynolds
Transport Theorem
System

Anything that we choose for analysis


constitute a system.

 Arbitrary quantity of mass


 Fixed identity
 Laws of mechanics
Analysis

Control
System
Volume

Fixed Moving Deforming


System of Isolated
Control Control Control Particle Rigid Body
Particles System
Volume Volume Volume
Fixed Control Volume
Moving Control Volume
Deforming Control Volume
System Vs. Control Volume
System Vs. Control Volume
Feature System Control Volume
Approach
Basic Idea Analyse a body of Analyse a spatial
fixed collection of region
matter
Approach Lagrangian Eulerian
Mass crossing the Cannot Cross Can Cross
boundaries
Mass (quantity) Stay Constant Can Change
Mass (identity) Always same Can Vary
System to Control Volume

Laws of mechanics applies to a system and not to


control volume.

 
 Fsys msys a sys
 
 Fcv mcv acv
Extensive and Intensive Properties

1. Mass
2. Momentum (Linear + Angular)
3. Energy

Extensive property per unit mass = Intensive


property.
Control Volume
Control Volume
Control Volume
Control Volume
Control Volume
Control Volume
Conservation of Mass

B m m
b  1
m

dm   
 1v  1V .dA
dt t cv cs
Conservation of Mass

Example
A hemispherical tank of diameter 1 m is connected
to a pipe of 10 cm diameter as shown in the figure.
Initially if the water height in the tank is 10 cm
calculate the time required to fill the rest of the
tank.
Conservation of Linear Momentum

B mV mV
b V
m

d ( mV )   
 Vv  VV .dA
dt t cv cs
Conservation of Linear Momentum

Example
In the figure below water enters a bend of diameter
30 cm fitted with nozzle of diameter 15 cm at the
end at pressure 15kPa. The discharge through the
bend is 90 L/s. Determine the horizontal component
of force acting at the inlet.
Example
Conservation of Angular
Momentum

 
  m(r V )  
B m(r V ) b (r V )
m
dB       
  (r V ) v   (r V ) V .dA
dt t cv cs
Conservation of Angular
Momentum

Example
A sprinkler shown in the figure below having radius = 200
mm and area of the nozzle 1cm2 which are inclined at an
angle of 300. Total discharge entering the sprinkler is Q=
500mL/s Determine a) the rotational speed; b) the
restraining torque to keep it stationary; c) torque
associated with sprinkler rotating at 50 rad/s.
Jet Propulsion
Non Inertial Reference Frame
Non Inertial Reference Frame

dr dR
S i r  R Vi  
dt dt

dR dV d 2 R
Vi V  ai   2
dt dt dt

 dV d 2 R 
 F ma  F m dt  dt 2 
i  

dV d 2R
arel  2
 F  marel m dt dt
Non Inertial Reference Frame

dV d 2R
arel  2
 F  marel m dt dt

d (mV ) 
 Vv  VV .dA
dt t cv cs


 F  marel  t cv Vv  cs VV .dA
Rocket Propulsion
Rocket Propulsion


 F  marel  
t cv
Vv  VV .dA
cs
Example
Conservation of Energy

B E b e

dE   
  ev   eV .dA
dt t cv cs
Conservation of Energy

dE  
Q  W
dt
  
 
Q  W   ev   eV .dA
t cv cs

  
Q  (W shaft  W pressure  W shear  .............)   ev   eV .dA
t cv cs

 
Q  (W shaft  W pressure  W shear  .............)  eV .dA
cs
Conservation of Energy

e eint ernal  ekinetic  e potential  eothers


1 2
e u  v  gz  eothers
2
1  
Q  W pressure  (u  v  gz ) V .dA
2
cs 2
 

W pressure  pV .dA
cs

  1  
Q   pV .dA  (u  v  gz ) V .dA
2
cs cs 2
Conservation of Energy

p 1 2  

Q  (u   v  gz ) V .dA
cs  2
p 1 2  

Q  (  v  gz ) V .dA
cs  2

 p2 1 2   p1 1 2  dE
  v2  gz 2  m 2    v1  gz1  m 1 
  2    2  dt
Example
Water flows through a pipe of 100mm diameter at a pressure of 150kPa.
If the pipe is 10m above the ground and the total head is 50m, compute
the discharge.
Example
A pump in a supply line increases the pressure of water from150kPato
450kPa as shown in the figure below. The discharge through the pump is
900L/min. Calculate the power delivered to water by the pump. Neglect
the losses due to friction.
Example
Bernoulli’s Equation

 p v2 
   z  K
  2g 
Swing of cricket ball
Energy Grade Line vs. Hydraulic Grade
Line
Speed of an Airplane
Pitot Tube

A pitot tube is an open-ended right-angled tube


pointing in opposition to the flow of a fluid and used
to measure pressure.
Example
A cylindrical tank of diameters D contains liquid to an initial height of h 0
at time t=0. A small stopper of diameter d is removed from the bottom.
For constant density, invicid flow with no losses, derive
(i) differential equation for free surface height h(t)
(ii) an expression for time t0 to drain the entire tank
Pipe Flow Measurements
Venturimeter
Venturimeter
Venturimeter
A venturimeter is essentially a short pipe consisting of two conical
parts with a short portion of uniform cross-section in between.
This short portion has the minimum area and is known as the
throat. The two conical portions have the same base diameter, but
one is having a shorter length with a larger cone angle while the
other is having a larger length with a smaller cone angle.

The venturimeter is always used in a way that the upstream part of


the flow takes place through the short conical portion while the
downstream part of the flow through the long one. This ensures a
rapid converging passage and a gradual diverging passage in the
direction of flow to avoid the loss of energy due to separation. In
course of a flow through the converging part, the velocity increases in
the direction of flow according to the principle of continuity, while the
pressure decreases according to Bernoulli’s theorem.
Orificemeter
Orificemeter
Orificemeter

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