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computer languages

The document provides an overview of computer programming languages, detailing their generations from machine language to artificial intelligence languages. It explains the characteristics of each generation, including their usability, speed, and dependency on machine architecture. Additionally, it discusses the role of translator programs such as assemblers, interpreters, and compilers in converting high-level languages to machine language.

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ipshita.g1012
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computer languages

The document provides an overview of computer programming languages, detailing their generations from machine language to artificial intelligence languages. It explains the characteristics of each generation, including their usability, speed, and dependency on machine architecture. Additionally, it discusses the role of translator programs such as assemblers, interpreters, and compilers in converting high-level languages to machine language.

Uploaded by

ipshita.g1012
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer

Languages
PROGRAM & PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
 The set of instructions that tells the computer what to do is
called a program.
 A computer needs step-wise instructions to perform any
action.
 The process of writing programs in a computer language is
called programming .
 Each programming has its own specific rules.
Generations of computer languages

 FIRST-GENERATION LANGUAGE {MACHINE LANGUAGE}


 SECOND-GENERATION LANGUAGE {ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE}
 THIRD-GENERATION LANGUAGE {HIGH-LEVEL LANUAGE}
 FOURTH-GENEATION LAGUAGE {VERY HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE}
 FIFTH-GENRATION LANGUAGE {ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE}
FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGE {MACHINE LANGUAGE}
 Machine Languages is the only languages that a computer
understands.
 It is expressed in binary form i.e., 0s and 1s.
 It has very high speed.
 It has very low memory utilization.
 IT IS TIME-CONSUMING PROCESS AND EXTEMELY MACHINE-
DEPENDENT THAT’S WHY IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS LOW-LEVEL
LANGUAGE.
SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGE {ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE}

Assembly language uses mnemonic codes or symbols in


place of 0s and1s.ex:if the operation code for add is ‘0010’
in binary language, it can written directly a ‘ADD’ in
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE.
 Since assembly language uses mnemonic codes it is easier
to work with assembly language than binary language.
It is also machine-dependent and programming is quite
time-consuming.
THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGE{HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE}

THE RESTRICTIONS IN THE USAGE OF MACHINE ASSEMLY LANGUAGES


PROMPTED PROGRAMMERS TO DEVELOP A LANGUAGE WITH THE
FOLLWING FEATURES:
 SIMPLE AND USER-FRIENDLY LANGUAGE
 MACHINE-INDEPENDENT LANGUAGE

IT BECAME EASY TO LEARN AND USE DIFFERENT COMPUTER


LANGUAGES.A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE STARTED WRITING
COMPUTER PROGRAMS USING THE THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGES
(HLL).
A HIGH-LEVEL LANUAGE IS QUITE SIMILLAR TO THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE.EX:BASIC,C,C++,JAVA ETC.
FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGE {VERY HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE}

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES ARE MORE ADVANCED THAN THE THIRD


GENERATION LANGUAGES.THEY ARE A COMBINATION OF MANY LANGUAGES WITH
THE FOLLOWING FEATURES:
 HIGHLY USER-FRIENDLY AND INDEPENDENT OF ANY OPERATING SYSTEM.
 VERY HIGH SPEED OF EXECUTION, DESIGNED TO REDUCE THE LEVEL OF
PROGRAMMING EFFORTS.
 MINIMUM EFFORTS FROM THE USER TO OBTAIN ANY INFORMATION.
 DESIGNED TO REDUCE THE TIME AND COST OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT.
IN 4GL, THE USERS HAVE TO SPECIFY ONLY THE REQUIRED OUTPUT THEY WANT,
WHILE THE COMPUTER DETERMINES THE SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTIONS THAT WILL
ACCOMPLISH THOSE REULTS.
EX: RUBY, PYTHON, PERL AND SQL. THEY ARE COMMONLY USED TO MANAGE
DATABASES.
FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGE{ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE}

5GL CONSISTS OF VISUAL TOOLS TO


DEVELOP A PROGRAM. THESE LANGUAGES
ARE USED TO DEVELOP PROGRAMS FOR
THE FIELDS OF ARTIFICIAL INELLIGENCE
AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS.
EX:MERCURY, OPS5 AND PROLOG.
LANGUAGE FEATURES

MACHINE • USES BINARY CODES TO DEPICT OPERATORS AND DATA .


• MACHINE-DEPENDENT.
• THE ONLY LANGUAGE DIRECTLY UNDERSTOOD BY A COMPUTER.

ASSEMBLY • USES MNEMONIC CODES OR SYMBOLS INSTEAD OF BINARY NUMBERS .


• MACHINE-DEPENDENT.
• HAS TO BE CONVERTED INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE BY TRANSLATOR PROGRAMS (ASSEMBLERS).

HIGH-LEVEL • USES ENGLISH WORDS AND MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS.


• MACHINE-INDEPENDENT.
• HAS TO BE CONVERTED INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE BY TRANSLATOR PROGRAMS (INTERPRETERS &
COMPILERS).

4GL • MACHINE-INDEPENDENT; MINIMAL USER SKILLS REQUIRED TO OBTAIN RESULTS.


• APPLICATION DEVELOPMET TOOL.

5GL • USED TO DEVELOP ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PROGRAMS .


• MACHINE-INDEPENDENT AND EASY TO LEARN.
TRANSLATOR PROGRAMS
AS YOU KNOW THAT A COMPUTER CAN UNDERSTAND ONLY MACHINE
LANGUAGE, SO THE PROGRAMS WRITTEN IN ANY OTHER LANUAGE
HAVE TO BE CONVERTED INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE.
THE TRANSLATOR PROGRAMS ARE USED TO CONVERT HIGH-LEVEL
LANGUAGE PROGRAMS INTO LOW- LEVEL LANGUAGE PROGRAMS.
A PROGRAM WRITTEN IN A HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE IS CALLED THE
SOURCE PROGRAM OR SOURCE CODE, WHEREAS, THE PROGRAM
CONVERTED INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE BY THE TRANSLATOR
PROGRAM IS CALLED THE OBJECT PROGRAM OR OBJECT CODE.
TRANSLATOR
PROGRAMS
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF TRANSLATOR PROGRAMS:
ASSEMBLER:
AN ASSEMBLER IS A PROGRAM THAT IS USED TO CONVERT MNEMONIC CODES INTO THEIR MACHINE
LANGUAGE EQUIVALENTS.
INTERPRETER :
AN INTERPRETER TRANSLATES A PROGRAM WRITTEN IN HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INTO A LOW LEVEL
LANGUAGE,LINE-BY-LINE.IT EXECUTES AN INSTRUCTION, AND THEN REPEATS THE PROCEDURE FOR THE
REMAINING INSTRUCTIONS. IF ANY ERRORS ARE FOUND, THEY ARE TO BE REMOVED IMMEDIATELY. AS
THE CONVERTED FORM IS NOT STORED ANYWHERE, SO IT HAS TO BE GENERATED AT THE TIME OF THE
EXECUTION OF A PROGRAM. THE INTERPRETERS ARE PREFERRED BY BEGINNERS AS THEY ARE SLOW IN
THEIR EXECUTION SPEED.
COMPILER:
A COMPILER IS A TRANSLATOR PROGRAM, WHICH IS USED TO CONVERT A HIGH–LEVEL LANGUAGE
PROGRAM INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE. IT TRANSLATES THE WHOLE PROGRAM AT ONCE. IT GENERATES
THE OBJECT CODE FOR THE PROGRAM ALONG WITH THE LIST OF ERRORS. THE EXECUTION SPEED OF A
COMPILER IS FASTER AS COMPARED TO AN INTERPRETER.
FACT CORNER LADY ADA
LOVELACE
A MATHEMATICIAN, IS
SYNTAX IS A SET OF RULES REGARDED AS THE
GOVERNING THE FORMATION OF FIRST PROGRAMMER.
STATEMENTS IN A PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE

JOHN W TUKEY
THE TERM
SOFTWARE WAS
FIRST USED BY
SPACEWEAR WAS THE JOHN W TUKEY IN
FIRST INTERACTIVE 1958.
COMPUTER GAME.
THE END
PREPARED BY : ISHITA GUPTA
6E
ROLL NO:12
ICSE

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