LESSON 5

BOOK CHAPTER 7

(Kinetic energy and

Work)
 Kinetic Energy:
Kinetic energy K is energy associated with the state of motion of an object.
The faster the object moves, the greater is its kinetic energy. When the object
is stationary, its kinetic energy is zero.

For an object of mass m whose speed v is well below the speed of light,
1 2
𝐾= 𝑚𝑣
2
The SI unit of kinetic energy (and all types of energy) is the joule (J), named
for James Prescott Joule, an English scientist of the 1800s and defined as
1
 Work:
Work W is energy transferred to or from an object via a force acting on the
object. Energy transferred to the object is positive work, and from the object,
negative work.
⃗
𝑭 ⃗
𝑭
The work done on a particle by a constant
force during displacement is 𝝓 𝝓
𝑭 .⃗
𝑾 =⃗ 𝒅= 𝑭𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓
⃗
𝒅
Where is constant angle between the directions of and . This is positive
work, because
⃗
𝑭 ⃗ ⃗
𝑭 ⃗
𝑭
𝝓 𝑭 𝝓
𝝓 𝝓

⃗
𝒅
Work is Negative,
⃗
𝒅
The force does no work on the object,
because because
The principle of work-kinetic energy theorem:

For a particle, a change in the kinetic energy equals the net work W done
on the particle:

This is known as work-kinetic energy theorem, in which is the initial kinetic

energy of the particle and is the kinetic energy after the work is done.

1 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒= ( newton ) ( 1 meter ) =1 N . m=0.738 ft . lb

The SI unit of work is joule, the same as kinetic energy. The corresponding unit
in the British system is the foot-pound (ft.lb). 1joule is equivalent to
 Finding an Expression for Work-Kinetic energy:

Considering a bead that can slide along a

frictionless wire that is stretched along a horizontal x
axis.
A constant force , directed at an angle to the wire,
accelerates the bead along the wire.
Using Newton’s law we can write,

𝐹 𝑥 =𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 ………….. (1)

and
Using the equation for motion with constant acceleration, we can write

2 2
𝑣 =𝑣 0 +2 𝑎𝑥 𝑑
2 2
𝑣 −𝑣 0 =2 𝑎𝑥 𝑑
( 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 20 )
𝑎𝑥 = ………….. (2)
2𝑑
Substituting the value of in equation (1) we can write,

( )
2 2
𝑣 − 𝑣0
𝐹 𝑥 =𝑚
2𝑑
1 2 1 2
𝐹 𝑥 𝑑= 𝑚 𝑣 − 𝑚 𝑣 0
2 2
𝑊 =𝐾 𝑓 − 𝐾 𝑖
in which is the initial kinetic energy of the particle and is the kinetic energy
after the work, is done.
 Check your understanding

A particle moves along an x axis. Does the

kinetic energy of the particle increase,
decrease, or remain the same if the particle’s
velocity changes (a) from -3 m/s to -2 m/s and
(b) from -2 m/s to 2 m/s? (c) In each situation, is
the work done on the particle positive,
negative, or zero?
Work Done by the Gravitational Force:
We know that the work done on a particle
by a constant force during displacement
is

𝑭 .⃗
𝑾 =⃗ 𝒅= 𝑭𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓
Accordingly, the work done by the
gravitational force on a object
(particle/body) of mass m as the object
moves through a displacement is given
by

𝑊 𝑔=𝐹 𝑔 𝑑cos 𝜙
Where is the angle between and .
 For rising an object: Force is directed opposite the displacement (as
shown in the adjacent figure). Hence, becomes
0
𝑊 𝑔=𝐹 𝑔 𝑑 cos 180 =𝑚𝑔𝑑 ( −1 ) =−𝑚𝑔𝑑
• For lowering an object: Force is
directed along the displacement
(as shown in the adjacent figure).
Hence, becomes

0
𝑊 𝑔=𝐹 𝑔 𝑑cos0 =𝑚𝑔𝑑(+1 )=𝑚𝑔𝑑
The Spring Force:
The force from a spring is
proportional to the displacement of
the free end from its position when
the spring is in its relaxed state
(neither compressed nor extended).
The spring force is given by

which is known as Hooke’s law after Robert Hooke, an English scientist of the late
1600s. The minus sign indicates that the direction of the spring force is always opposite
the direction of the displacement of the spring’s free end. The constant k is called the
spring constant (or force constant) and is a measure of the stiffness of the spring.
 The larger k is, the stiffer the spring;
that is, the larger k is, the stronger the
spring’s pull or push for a given
displacement.
 The SI unit for k is the newton per meter

If an x axis lies along the spring, with the origin at the location of the spring’s
free end when the spring is in its relaxed state, we can write
 The Work Done by a Spring Force:
The net work done by the spring (from to is

𝑥𝑓 𝑥𝑓

𝑊 𝑠=∫ − 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=∫ −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Where ]

𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖

𝑥𝑓

𝑊 𝑠=−𝑘∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑖

||
2 𝑥= 𝑥 𝑓
𝑥 1
𝑊 𝑠=−𝑘 =− 𝑘 ( 𝑥 2𝑓 − 𝑥 2𝑖 )
2 𝑥= 𝑥 2
𝑖

1 2 1 2
𝑊 𝑠=− 𝑘 𝑥 𝑓 + 𝑘 𝑥𝑖
2 2
If and if we assume that the above equation becomes

𝟏 𝟐
𝑾 𝒔 =− 𝒌𝒙
𝟐
Problem 1 (Book chapter 7)
A proton (mass ) is being accelerated along a straight line at in a machine. If
the proton has an initial speed of and travels 3.5 cm, what then is (a) its
speed and (b) the increase in its kinetic energy?

Answer: Here, initial speed, and the distance traveled by the proton, and
We assume final speed is

2
(a) We use the formula, 𝑣 2𝑓 =𝑣𝑖2+ 2 𝑎𝑠=( 2.4 ×10 7 ) +2 ( 3.6 ×1015 ) ( 0.035 )

2 14 14 14 𝑚2
𝑣 =5.76 × 10 +2.52 ×10 =8.28 ×10
𝑓 2
𝑠
𝒗 𝒇 =𝟐. 𝟖𝟖×𝟏𝟎 𝟕 𝒎/ 𝒔
(b) The change (increase) in kinetic energy,

− 27
1.67 × 10
∆𝐾=
2
(( 2.88 ×107 )2 − ( 2.4 × 107 ) 2 )
 − 27
1.67 × 10 ( 8.29 ×10 14 − 5.76 ×10 14 )
∆𝐾=
2

− 27 14 − 13
1.67 × 10 × 2.53× 10 4.23 ×10
∆𝐾= =
2 2

−𝟏𝟑
∆ 𝑲=𝟐.𝟏𝟏𝟓× 𝟏𝟎 𝑱
Problem 9 (Book chapter 7)
The only force acting on a 2.0 kg canister that is moving in an x-y plane has a
magnitude of 5.0 N. The canister initially has a velocity of 4.0 m/s in the
positive x direction and some time later has a velocity of 6.0 m/s in the
positive y direction. How much work is done on the canister by the 5.0 N
force during this time?

Answer: We use the formula for work-kinetic energy theorem, which is

1
𝑊 =∆ 𝐾 =𝐾 𝑓 − 𝐾 𝑖= 𝑚 ( 𝑣 𝑓 − 𝑣 𝑖 )
2 2
2
In the above formula, speed is required; whatever the directions.

Given

J 𝑚=2 𝑘𝑔
𝑣 𝑖 =4 𝑚/ 𝑠
J 𝑣 𝑓 =6 𝑚/𝑠
𝑊 =?
Problem 11 (Book chapter 7)
A 12.0 N force with a fixed orientation does work on a particle as the particle
moves through the three-dimensional displacement . What is the angle
between the force and the displacement if the change in the particle's kinetic
energy is (a) +30.0 J and (b) - 30.0 J?

Answer: Here, we use the work-kinetic energy relation, which is

𝑭 .⃗
∆ 𝑲=𝑾 = ⃗ 𝒅=𝑭𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓
Where is the angle between force and displacement

(a) ∆ 𝐾 =𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 Given

Δ𝐾 for (a)
cos 𝜙=
𝐹𝑑 for (b)

−1 Δ𝐾 −1 30 −1 |𝐹 |=12 𝑁
𝜙=cos =cos =cos 0.464
𝐹𝑑 (12)(5.385) m

𝝓=𝟔𝟐 .𝟑𝟓
𝟎
𝑑=√ (2)2 +(− 4)2 +(3)2
𝑑=5.385 𝑚
 (b) For

−1 Δ𝐾 −1 −30 −1
𝜙=cos =cos =cos − 0.464
𝐹𝑑 (12)(5.385)
𝟎
𝝓=𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟓
 Let’s try
1. [ Chap 7 - problem 2]: If a Saturn V rocket with an Apollo spacecraft attached had a
combined mass of 2.9 X 105 kg and reached a speed of 11.2 km/s, how much kinetic
energy would it then have?

1. [Chap 7 - problem 8]: A ice block floating in a river is pushed through a displacement
𝑑Ԧ= ሺ15 𝑚ሻ𝑖Ƹ− ሺ12 𝑚ሻ𝑗Ƹalong a straight embankment by rushing water, which exerts a
2.

Ԧ= ሺ210 𝑁ሻ𝑖Ƹ− ሺ150 𝑁ሻ𝑗Ƹon the block. How much work does the force do on the
force 𝐹
block during the displacement?

3.2. [Chap
Figure7below shows
- problem 10]:three
A coinforces
slidesapplied to a trunk that
over a frictionless moves
plane and across an xy coordinate
leftward by 3.00 m over a frictionless floor. The force magnitudes
system from the origin to a point with xy coordinates (3.0 m, 4.0 m) while a constant force

100 from the positive direction of the x axis. How much work is done by the force on the
areacts
F1 on= 5.00 N, force
F2 = has
9.00magnitude
N, and F32.0 = 3.00 N,isand the indicated
0is  = 60.0°. During the displacement, (a) what is the net
it. The N and directed at a counterclockwise angle of
angle
work
coindone
duringonthethe trunk by the three forces and (b) does the
displacement?
kinetic energy of the trunk increase or decrease?
4. [Chap 7 - problem 28]: During spring semester at MIT, residents of the parallel buildings
3. In the
of theFigure below, adorms
East Campus cuminbattle
canister of masswith
one another slides
largeacross a horizontal
catapults frictionless
that are made with
counter
surgicalwithhosespeed
mounted v on= 0.50 m/s.frame.
a window It then runs filled
A balloon into with
and dyed
compresses a spring
water is placed in a of
spring
pouchconstant
attached to k the
= 750
hose,N/m.
whichWhen the canister
is then stretched throughis the
momentarily stopped
width of the room. Assumeby the
that the
spring, bystretching of the hose
what distance d is obeys Hooke’s
the spring law with a spring constant of 100 N/m. If the
compressed?
hose is stretched by 5.00 m and then released, how much work does the force from the
hose do on the balloon in the pouch by the time the hose reaches its relaxed length?
Hints: use the formula for work

is given by 𝑥 = 3.0 𝑡 − 4.0 𝑡2 + 1.0 𝑡3, with x in meters and t in seconds. Find the work
5.done
[ Chap 7 - problem 41]: A single force acts on a 3.0 kg particle-like object whose position
by Spring.

done by the force from 1t = 0 to2 t = 4.0 s.

𝑊 =𝐾 𝑓 − 𝐾 𝑖 =− 𝑘 𝑑
2
Thank You