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Myopia

Myopia, or shortsightedness, is a refractive error where light focuses in front of the retina, with various types including axial, curvatural, positional, and index myopia. It is graded by severity and has clinical varieties such as congenital, simple, pathological, and secondary myopia, each with distinct characteristics and symptoms. Treatment options include optical solutions like concave lenses, surgical interventions, and preventive measures to manage progression.

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4 views23 pages

Myopia

Myopia, or shortsightedness, is a refractive error where light focuses in front of the retina, with various types including axial, curvatural, positional, and index myopia. It is graded by severity and has clinical varieties such as congenital, simple, pathological, and secondary myopia, each with distinct characteristics and symptoms. Treatment options include optical solutions like concave lenses, surgical interventions, and preventive measures to manage progression.

Uploaded by

drprashethkm2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Myopia

Prasheth K M
Definition
●Myopia or shortsightedness is a type of
refractive error in which parallel rays of light
coming from infinity are focused in front of
the retina when accommodation is at rest.
Etiology
Etiologically myopia may be of following types:

1. Axial myopia: Increase in anteroposterior length of the


eyeball.
2. Curvatural myopia: Increased curvature of cornea or lens.
3. Positional myopia: Anterior placement of the crystalline lens.
4. Index myopia: Increased refractive index of crystalline lens.
5. Myopia due to excessive accommodation: Spasm of
accommodation.
Etiological Hypothesis
Grading of Myopia
American Optometric Association (AOA) grading:

• Low myopia: ≤ -3D


• Moderate myopia: -3D to -6D
• High myopia: > -6D
Clinical Varieties
1. Congenital myopia
2. Simple or developmental myopia
3. Pathological or degenerative myopia
4. Secondary myopia
Congenital Myopia
• Present since birth, diagnosed by 2-3 years.
• High degree of error (8-10D), mostly constant.
• Anisometropia common.
• Associations: Cataract, microphthalmos, aniridia,
megalocornea.
• Convergent squint may develop.
• Early correction is necessary to prevent
amblyopia.
Simple Myopia
• Commonest variety, physiological error.
• Prevalence: 20-40%.
• Age of onset: 5-15 years (school myopia).
• Genetic and environmental factors involved.
• Risk factors: Genetics, excessive near work,
limited outdoor activity, improper glasses.
• Progression until 21 years, up to -6D.
Pathological Myopia
• Progressive error, starts at 5-10 years.
• High myopia (>6D) in early adulthood.
• Genetic and growth-related factors.
• More common in certain races and females.
• Associated with degenerative retinal changes.
Symptoms of Pathological Myopia
1. Defective vision.
2. Floaters.
3. Night vision
difficulty.
4. Photophobia.
5. Flashes of lights.
Signs of Pathological Myopia
1. Prominent eyeballs.
2. Large cornea.
3. Deep anterior chamber.
4. Large, sluggish pupils.
5. Fundus changes: Myopic crescent,
chorioretinal degeneration, posterior
staphyloma.
Optic Disk Crescent
Secondary Myopia
Caused by other eye diseases/factors:
1. Index myopia: Nuclear sclerosis, cataract, diabetes.
2. Curvatural myopia: Keratoconus, lenticonus.
3. Positional myopia: Lens subluxation.
4. Consecutive myopia: Surgical overcorrection, IOL
issues.
5. Pseudomyopia: Spasm of accommodation.
6. Myopia of prematurity (MOP).
7. Drug-induced myopia: Cholinergics, steroids,
sulphonamides.
Chorioretinal Atrophy
Lacquer Cracks
Treatment of Myopia
1. Optical treatment: Concave lenses
(spectacles/contact lenses).
2. Surgical treatment: LASIK, PRK, ICL.
3. Low vision aids (LVA).
Preventive Measures
1. Atropine drops (0.01%), Pirenzepine 2% gel.
2. Visual hygiene (posture, lighting, reading habits).
3. Limited near work and screen time.
4. Increased outdoor activity in childhood.
5. Balanced diet with vitamins and proteins.
6. Early management of systemic diseases.
7. Genetic counseling: Avoid marriage between two
individuals with progressive myopia.

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