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Principles of Fish Nutrition

The document discusses the importance of nutrition in aquaculture, highlighting how it affects fish growth, health, and production costs. It details major nutrient groups, including macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) and micronutrients (minerals, vitamins), emphasizing their roles and dietary requirements for different fish categories. Understanding these nutritional needs is essential for developing balanced and cost-effective diets for aquacultural species.

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Lorna
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46 views19 pages

Principles of Fish Nutrition

The document discusses the importance of nutrition in aquaculture, highlighting how it affects fish growth, health, and production costs. It details major nutrient groups, including macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) and micronutrients (minerals, vitamins), emphasizing their roles and dietary requirements for different fish categories. Understanding these nutritional needs is essential for developing balanced and cost-effective diets for aquacultural species.

Uploaded by

Lorna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles of Fish

Nutrition

BEBERLY JEAN D. ROMINA, RFT


Subject Teacher
 Aquacultural production is a major industry in many
countries, and it will continue to grow as the
demand for fisheries products increases and the
supply from natural sources decreases.
 As in more traditional forms of animal production,
nutrition plays a critical role in intensive aquaculture
because it influences not only production costs but
also fish growth, health and waste production
 To develop nutritious, cost-effective diets we must
know a specie’s nutritional requirements and meet
those requirements with balanced diet formulations
and appropriate feeding practice.
Major Nutrient Groups

Macronutrient/ Micronutrients
Energy-yielding
nutrients

Provide energy and Do not contain


some essential calories but are also
nutrients required for good
Macronutrients or Energy-yielding
nutrients

Proteins and Amino Acids

Carbohydrates

Lipids
Proteins and Amino Acids

Proteins consist of various amino acids, the


composition of which gives individual proteins
their unique characteristics. Many of the
biochemicals required for normal bodily
functions are proteins, such as enzymes,
hormones and immunoglobulins. Fish, like other
animals, synthesize body proteins from amino
acids in the diet and from some other sources.
Two major classes of Amino Acids

Essential Non-essential
Arginine Alanine

Histidine Asparagine

Isoleucine Aspartic Acid

Leucine Cystine

Lysine Glutamic Acid

Methionine Glutamine

Phenylalanine Glycine

Threonine Proline

Tryptophan Serine

Valine Tyrosine
Proteins and Amino Acids

Meeting a fish’s minimum dietary requirement


for protein, or a balanced mixture of amino
acids, is critical for adequate growth and
health. However, providing excessive levels of
dietary protein is both economically and
environmentally unsound because protein is
the most expensive dietary component and
excess protein increases the excretion of
nitrogenous waste
Proteins and Amino Acids

Fish Category Protein


Requirement
Herbivorous and 25-35% crude
Omnivorous protein
Carnivorous 40-50 % crude
protein
Carbohydrates
• Fish do not have a specific dietary requirement for
carbohydrates
• these compounds in diets is an inexpensive source of
energy
• Some carbohydrate is deposited in the form of glycogen
in tissues such as liver and muscle, where it is a ready
source of energy. Some dietary carbohydrate is
converted to lipid and deposited in the body for energy

• In addition to being a source of energy, soluble


carbohydrate in fish feed also gives pellets integrity
and stability and makes them less dense
Lipids

• This nutrient group consists of several different


compounds. Neutral lipids (fats and oils), in the form of
triglycerides, provide a concentrated source of energy
for aquatic species

• The n- or “omega” nomenclature is used to describe


fatty acids

• A diet deficient in essential fatty acids reduces weight


gain. This is due to mobilization of essential fatty acids
from endogenous tissue lipids
Micronutrients

Minerals

Vitamins
Minerals
• Fish require the same minerals for tissue
formation, osmoregulation and other
metabolic functions
• Play a vital role in acid-based equilibrium of
the body, and thus the pH of the blood and
other fluids
• serve as essential components of many
enzymes, vitamins, hormones and
respiratory pigments or as cofactors in
metabolism, catalyst and enzyme activators.
Macro-minerals
Macro-minerals Function
Calcium Essential constituents of skeletal structure such as bones and
teeth development
Phosphorus Phosphorus is a major constituent of hard tissues such as
bone and scales and is also present in various biochemicals.
Impaired growth and feed efficiency, as well as reduced tissue
mineralization and impaired skeletal formation in juvenile fish,
are common symptoms when fish have diets deficient in
phosphorus
Magnesium involved in intra- and extracellular homeostasis and in cellular
respiration. It also is abundant in most feedstuffs.
Chloride Are important electrolytes involved in osmoregulation and the
Sodium acid–base balance in the body (Lall, 2002). These minerals are
usually abundant in water and practical feedstuffs
Potassium
Sulfur An essential component of several key amino acids
(methionine and cystine), vitamins, the hormone insulin
It is also believed to be involved in the detoxification of
aromatic compounds within the fish body
Microminerals
Micro-minerals Function
Copper Essential component of numerous oxidation-reduction enzyme
system; necessary for the formation of the pigment melanin and
skin pigmentation
Cobalt Vitamin B12; essential for red blood cell formation and
maintenance of nerve tissue
Chromium Carbohydrate metabolism; cholesterol and amino acid
metabolism
Iodine Thyroid hormones; essential for regulating the metabolic rate of
all body processes
Iron hemoglobin and myoglobin, essential for oxygen and electron
transport within the body
Manganese Organic matrix of the bone; an enzyme activator
Molybdenum Xanthine oxidase
Selenium Glutathione peroxidase; serve to protect cellular tissues and
membranes against oxidative damage
Zinc An essential component for more than 80 metalloenzymes; play a
positive role in wound healing
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds required in
relatively small concentrations to support
specific structural or metabolic functions.
Vitamins

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Water Soluble Vitamins


Vitamins
Fat Soluble Vitamins Function

Vitamin A, retinol Epithelial tissue


maintenance, vision
Vitamin D, cholecalciferol Bone calcification,
parathyroid hormone
Vitamin E, tocopherol Biological antioxidant
Vitamin K Blood clotting
Vitamins
Water Soluble Vitamins Lipid &Function
Thiamine, B1 Carbohydrates metabolism

Riboflavin, B2 Hydrogen transfer

Pyridoxine, B6 Protein metabolism


Pantothenic acid Lipid & carbohydrate metabolism
niacin Hydrogen transfer
biotin Carboxylation & decarboxylation
choline Lipothrophic factor, component of
cell membrane
Folic acid Single-carbon metabolism
Cyanocobalamin, B12 Red blood cell formation
Ascorbic acid, vitamin C Blood clotting, collagen synthesis
inositol Component of cell membrane

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