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CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS

The document discusses the classification of mental disorders, highlighting the purpose of classification in facilitating communication among healthcare professionals and improving treatment outcomes. It contrasts old classifications, which divided disorders into neuroses and psychoses, with modern systems like the ICD and DSM that provide more comprehensive frameworks for diagnosis. Key differences between the ICD and DSM are also outlined, including their origins, structure, and language availability.

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6 views14 pages

CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS

The document discusses the classification of mental disorders, highlighting the purpose of classification in facilitating communication among healthcare professionals and improving treatment outcomes. It contrasts old classifications, which divided disorders into neuroses and psychoses, with modern systems like the ICD and DSM that provide more comprehensive frameworks for diagnosis. Key differences between the ICD and DSM are also outlined, including their origins, structure, and language availability.

Uploaded by

laurenalaina036
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL

DISORDERS

BY

BOLARINWA O.S.
(RN, RM, RPHN, RMPN, MSc.)
PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION

• To provide a common language among health care professionals.

• To identify groups of patients who are similar in their clinical features,


outcome and response to treatment. This helps to distinguish one
psychiatric diagnosis from another.

• To enable clinicians to communicate with one another about their


patients symptoms, prognosis & treatment.

• To explore the causes of many mental disorders that are still unknown.
Old Classification
• Mental disorders have been identified several centuries ago. They are
as old as the world age.

• In the past, they were classified based on the severity and the extent
to which they affect individual’s personality and/or the structure they
affect.

• Hence, the old system of classification categorized mental disorders as:


i. Neuroses – minor disorders
ii. Psychoses – major disorders
Old Classification (Cont’d)
iii. Personality disorder
iv. Mental subnormality
v. Psychosomatic disorders
vi. Psychoactive substance abuse
Differences Between Neuroses
& Psychoses
S/N VARIABLE NEUROSES PSYCHOSES

1. Severity Minor mental disorders Major mental disorders

2. Aetiology Psychogenic factor or heredity Heredity, toxic and neurogenic factors

3. Language There is no disturbance in language There is gross distortion in language of


of the person affected. the affected individual

4. Distribution It affects most people in some mild No wider coverage of incidence among
form or the other the general population

5. Insight The patient has insight. Patient lacks insight about the problem

6. Activities of No disruption of ALDs There is gross alteration in the


daily living performance of ADLs
Differences Between Neuroses
& Psychoses
S/N VARIABLE NEUROSES PSYCHOSES
7. Thought Speech and thought processes are Speech and thought processes are
coherent incoherent

8. Reality There is no loss of contact with There is loss of contact with reality
reality

9. Management Patient may not require hospital Hospital admission is required for
admission for management management

10. Medication Patient do not always require Patient always require antipsychotics
antipsychotic drug. Anxiolytics are for proper management.
sometimes given.

11. Prognosis Good with treatment Treatment may not be favorable due to
deterioration over time.
New Classification
• The new system of classification of mental disorders has removed the
neurosis-psychosis dichotomy.

• Two (2) tools are now being used in the modern classification. These
are:
i. International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
ii. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

• ICD was developed by WHO


• Mental disorders were first introduced in 1948 (ICD-6).
• British origin
• Available in almost all languages in the world
• Used for research and clinical diagnosis
• The tool had been reviewed a number of times
• ICD-8 was published in 1964; ICD-9 in 1978 & ICD-10 in 1992.
• Current version is ICD-10
• Mental disorders are classified under chapter “F” of ICD.
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

• F0 – Organic including symptomatic mental disorder with anatomical and


biological changes of brain.
• F1 - Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychotic substance use
• F2 – Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorder
• F3 – Disorders of Mood (Affect)
• F4 – Neurotic stress related and somatoform disorders
• F5 – Behavioural syndrome associated with physiological disturbance and
physical factor e.g. psychosomatic disorder
• F6 – Disorder of adult personality and behavior
• F7 – Mental retardation
• F8 – Disorder of psychological development i.e. child psychiatry
• F9 – Behavioural and emotional disorder with onset usually occurring in
childhood or adolescence.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM)
• DSM was developed by American Psychiatric Association (APA)
• American origin
• Only available in few languages
• Used as a diagnostic tool
• DSM-I was first published in 1952; DSM-II in 1968; DSM-III in 1987;
DSM-IV in 1994 & DSM-V in 2016.
• DSM-IV is still being used for diagnosis of mental disorders in many
institutions
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

1. Organic mental disorder: General medical condition and AIDS


related
2. Drug/Substance induces disorders e.g. Alcoholism
3. Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders e.g. delusional disorders
4. Affective or mood disorders e.g. BAD, major depressive disorder
5. Psychoses
6. Anxiety disorders e.g. Social anxiety disorders
7. Factitious disorders e.g. Munchausen disorder
8. Somatoform disorders e.g. Somatization disorders
9. Dissociative disorders e.g. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

10. Sexual and gender identity, psychosexual disorders e.g. gender


identity disorder.
11. Disorder usually arising in childhood or adolescence
12. Reactive disorders
13. Disorders of impulse control
14. Sleep disorders e.g. Insomnia
15. Other disorders and conditions e.g. Child abuse, tardive
dyskinesia, eating disorders, impulse control disorder
(kleptomania), adjustment disorder, personality disorders, etc.
Differences Between ICD & DSM
ICD DSM
Presentation Different version for clinical work research A single document
and use in primary care
Languages Available in all widely spoken languages Few languages

Structure Part of overall ICD framework, single axis in Multi axial


chapter 5, separate multi-axial system
available
Author World Health Organization (WHO) American Psychiatric Association (APA)
Origin British American

Content Guidelines and criteria do not include social Diagnostic criteria usually include significant
consequences of the disorder impairment in social, occupational or other area of
functioning.

Purpose Research and Diagnostic Purposes Used for diagnosis


THANK YOU ! !! !!!

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