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Probability-and-Statistics-Lesson-5

The document explains the addition rule for calculating probabilities of compound events, particularly focusing on mutually exclusive and inclusive events. It provides examples of calculating the probability of drawing specific cards from a deck and rolling dice, illustrating how to apply the rules for both types of events. The final probabilities for various scenarios are presented in both decimal and percentage forms.

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Rochelle Gaanan
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2 views

Probability-and-Statistics-Lesson-5

The document explains the addition rule for calculating probabilities of compound events, particularly focusing on mutually exclusive and inclusive events. It provides examples of calculating the probability of drawing specific cards from a deck and rolling dice, illustrating how to apply the rules for both types of events. The final probabilities for various scenarios are presented in both decimal and percentage forms.

Uploaded by

Rochelle Gaanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability

Compound
Events
Sometimes, you want to find the
probability of only one event that is
composed of two different events, for
example, the event of getting a “black or
red” card from a single draw of card.
Usually, these two different events that
make up a single event have no common
outcome or element, thus, mutually
exclusive. How do you find the probability of
theseSince there is only one event divided
events?
into two different events, you simply get the
probability of the union of the individual
events.
Addition Rule for Probability: Mutually Exclusive
Events
The probability of a single event that
is made up of two different mutually
exclusive events is given by

P (A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B)
Example #1:
A card is drawn at random from a standard deck of
cards. What is the probability that the card drawn is an ace
or king?

n(E = 4 n(E = 4
) )
n(S = 52 n(S = 52
) ) 4
P(A) = 4 P(B) = =
= 5
52
2
4 4 1
1 4
52 4
1 5 1
3 2 3
P (A Ս B) = P(A) x P(B)
2
= + = 13

Change into decimal


form.
÷ 13 = 0.1538

Change 0.1538 into percent form

0.1538 x 100
= 15.38%

Therefore, the probability of getting ace or king cards is


15.38%
Example #2:
A pair of dice is rolled. What is the probability that the
sum is 5 or 6?

n(E = 4 n(E = 5
) )
n(S = 36 n(S = 36
) ) 5
P(A) = 4 P(B) = =
= 3
36
6
4 1
4
36 9
P (A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B)
9 1
= + = 9
4
36

Change into decimal


form.
÷ 4 =0.25

Change 0.25 into percent form

= 25%
0.25 x 100

Therefore, the probability that getting the sum of 5 or 6


is 25%
Like the multiplication rule, the addition
must also be used sparingly because there could
be an event divided into two other events in
which some outcomes are common. These are
called Inclusive events. An example is the event
“even or multiplies of 3” in a roll of die since
there are outcomes that are both even and
multiplies of 3. Logically speaking, the
probability of these events is computed by
adding the individual probabilities of the two
events and then subtracting the probability of
their common elements.
Addition Rule for Probability: Inclusive Events

If events A and B are given such that


A and B have common outcomes, then the
probability of event “A or B” is determined
by
P (A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
Example #3:
If a card is selected at random from a standard deck of cards,
what is the probability that the card drawn is a red card or face
card?

n(E = 26 n(E =1 n(E =6


) ) )
n(S = 52 n(S =2
52 n(S =52
) ) )
26
P(A) = = P(B) = 1
=5 P(A ∩ B) = =6
52 2 5
2 2
26 2 1 1 3 6 3
4 2
52 6 2 5
2 1 5 2
2 3 2 6
P (A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
+ –
35
= = 5
2
Change into decimal form.

÷ 52 = 0.6731

Change 0.6731 into percent form

0.6731 x 100
= 67.31%

Therefore, the probability of drawing red or face card is


67.31%
Example #4:
If a card is selected at random from a standard deck of cards,
what is the probability that the card drawn is a number card or
diamond?

n(E = 36 n(E =1 n(E =9


) ) )
n(S = 52 n(S =3
52 n(S =52
) ) )
P(A) = 36 P(B) = 1 P(A ∩ B) = 9
= =5 =
52 3 5
2 2
36 9 1 1 1
4
52 1 5
3 3 4
3 2
P (A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
+ –
10
= = 1
3
Change into decimal form.

÷ 13 = 0.7692

Change 0.7692 into percent form

0.7692 x 100
= 76.92%

Therefore, the probability of drawing number card or diamond is


76.92%

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