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Gr. 10 Protein Synthesis

The document provides an overview of DNA replication and protein synthesis, detailing the roles of various enzymes and RNA types involved in these processes. It explains the direction of DNA synthesis, the function of helicase and topoisomerase, and the significance of the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication for genetic stability. Additionally, it outlines the steps of transcription and translation in protein synthesis, highlighting the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views32 pages

Gr. 10 Protein Synthesis

The document provides an overview of DNA replication and protein synthesis, detailing the roles of various enzymes and RNA types involved in these processes. It explains the direction of DNA synthesis, the function of helicase and topoisomerase, and the significance of the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication for genetic stability. Additionally, it outlines the steps of transcription and translation in protein synthesis, highlighting the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.

Uploaded by

elleaorey
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Review Question:

Which of the following statements about the direction of DNA


synthesis is correct?

a) DNA is synthesized in a 3' to 5' direction.


b) DNA is synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction.
c) DNA is synthesized bidirectionally from the center of the
strand.
d) DNA is synthesized randomly.
Review Question:
During DNA replication, which of the following enzymes unwinds
the double helix?

a) DNA polymerase
b) Helicase
c) Topoisomerase
d) Ligase
Review Question:
If a cell lacks the enzyme topoisomerase, what potential issue
could arise during DNA replication?

a) Excessive supercoiling of the DNA


b) Inability to synthesize RNA primers
c) Enhanced proofreading activity
d) Increased efficiency of helicase
Review Question:
How does the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication
contribute to genetic stability over generations?

a) It allows for the formation of new DNA with entirely different


sequences.
b) Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand,
maintaining genetic information.
c) It increases the rate of mutations, promoting genetic diversity.
d) It hinders the faithful transmission of genetic information.
Review Question:
How does the function of DNA ligase differ from that of DNA
polymerase during replication?

a) DNA ligase synthesizes new DNA strands, while DNA


polymerase joins Okazaki fragments.
b) DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments, while DNA polymerase
synthesizes new DNA strands.
c) DNA ligase unwinds the double helix, while DNA polymerase
adds nucleotides to the growing strand.
d) DNA ligase proofreads the newly synthesized DNA, while
DNA polymerase repairs damaged DNA.
PRACTICE

5’ A-G-T-T-G-C-G-A-T-T-G-A-A-C-C-G-A-T-C 3’
______________________________________

3’ G-C-A-G-T-T-T-G-C-A-A-T-G-A-C-C-G-G-G-A-T-A 5’
____________________________________________
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Grade 10 Science Quarter 2
Protein Synthesis

• Protein synthesis is the


process all cells use to
make proteins, which are
responsible for all cell
structure and function.

• It uses DNA, RNA, and


various enzymes
The information that programs all
the cell’s activities is encoded in
the structure of the DNA.
However, it is not directly
involved in running the
operations of the cell. The ones
that carry out biological
functions consists mostly of
proteins.

The central dogma of molecular biology is a


theory stating that genetic information flows only in
one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein.
Ribosomes: Protein Factories
• Ribosomes, which are
complexes made of
ribosomal RNAs and
proteins, are the cellular
components that carry out
protein synthesis

• Rough ER is studded with


ribosomes on the outer
surface of the membrane
and thus appears rough
through the electron
microscope.
RNA molecules involved in PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
 messenger RNA (mRNA) - carries
DNAs message from the nucleus to the
ribosome

 transfer RNA (tRNA) - carries the


correct amino acids to the ribosome so
they can be added to the growing protein
chain.

 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - makes up


part of the ribosome. Helps read
mRNAs message and assemble
proteins.
The Two Major Steps in Protein
Synthesis
1st Step: Transcription (DNA to RNA)
• The synthesis (production)
of RNA using information in
the DNA.
• GOAL: make an RNA copy
of a gene's DNA sequence.
• RNA polymerases, link
nucleotides to form an RNA
strand (using a DNA strand
as a template).
• 5’ to 3’ direction
Part of DNA temporarily unzips
and is used as a template to
assemble complementary
nucleotides into messenger
RNA (mRNA).

Once the RNA transcript is


complete and reaches a base
sequence that signals stop, the
transcript will then be released
1st Step: Transcription (DNA to RNA)
Why is it necessary to copy the genetic
information from DNA to RNA?

• proteins are made by the


ribosomes

• DNA is too large to leave


the nucleus (double
stranded), but RNA can
leave the nucleus (single
stranded).
DNA TEMPLATE STRAND
3’ 5’
TAC – CAT – CGA – TTG – GAA – ACT

TRANSCRIPTION

mRNA STRAND
AUG – GUA – GCU – AAC – CUU –
UGA
The mRNA formed in transcription is transported out of the nucleus,
into the cytoplasm, to the ribosome (the cell's protein synthesis
factory).
2nd Step: Translation (RNA to amino
acids)
The genetic code within the
mRNA is decoded to produce
the specific sequence of
amino acids.

Requirements:
• mRNA strand
• Ribosomes provide a
structure in which translation
can take place.
• tRNAs (transfer RNAs) carry
amino acids to the ribosome.
A series of three adjacent bases in
an mRNA molecule codes for a
specific amino acid—called a
codon.

Each tRNA has 3 nucleotides that


are complementary to the codon in
mRNA.

Each tRNA codes for a different


amino acid.
tRNA "reads" the codon sequence on
mRNA and delivers the specific amino acid
that matches that codon
STAGES IN TRANSLATION
1. Initiation: In initiation, the ribosome assembles around the mRNA
to be read and the first tRNA (carrying the amino acid methionine,
which matches the start codon, AUG).

2. Elongation: The amino acid chain gets longer. In elongation, the


mRNA is read one codon at a time, and the amino acid matching
each codon is added to a growing protein chain.

3. Termination: The stage in which the finished polypeptide chain is


released. It begins when a stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA)
enters the ribosome.
These amino acids come from the food we eat. Proteins we eat
are broken down into individual amino acids and then simply re-
arranged into new proteins according to the needs and directions
of our DNA.
CODON CHART
CODON WHEEL

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