KHURASAN

UNIVERSITY
Lecturer:
Abdul Manan Ahmadzai (MSCS)

www.Khurasan.edu.af- [email protected]
 Chapter 1
Lecturer: Abdul Manan Ahmadzai
(MSCS)
Database Concept

Database Management System

 What is Data?
• A collection of raw facts and figures is called data. The word Raw
means that the facts have not yet been processed to get their exact
meaning. Data is collected from different sources. It is collected for
different purposes. Data may consist of numbers, characters, symbols
or picture etc.

Database Management System

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Example of Data:

• when a students get admission in colleges or university, they have to

fill out an admission form. The form consists of facts about the
students. These raw facts are student`s name, father name, address
etc. the purpose of collecting data is to maintain the records of
students during their study period in college or university.

Database Management System

 Types of Data

• Numeric Data,
• Alphabetic Data,
• Alphanumeric Data,
• Image Data,
• Audio Data,
• Video data.

Database Management System

 Information
• The processed form of data is called information. Information is an
organized and processed form of data. It is more meaningful than
data and it is used for making decisions. Data is used as input for the
processing and information is the output of the processing.

Database Management System

 Example of information:

• In colleges and universities, the raw fact about students is stored on

admission forms. If we want to find out a list of all students who live
in Jalal Abad we will apply some processing on this data. This
processing will give us the desired list. This list is a form of processed
data and will be called information.

Database Management System

 Difference B/W Data and Information

Data Information
• Data consists of unprocessed raw • Information is the processed
form of data.
and facts.
• Information is the output of
• Data is used as input in the
computer.
computer.
• Information is meaningful.
• Data is Not meaningful.
• Information is easy and also
• Data is Not used in decision very important for decision
Making. making.

Database Management System

 Metadata
• Metadata can be defined as data about data. It is used to describe
the properties and characteristics of some other data.
• Metadata describe the size, format, datatypes and other
characteristics of data. It also includes the rules and constraints
about data.
• Example:

• when you create a table, you specify the datatype, size format and
other constraints for entering data in different fields of the table.
This is metadata of the data. It describes the properties of the data to
be stored in the table.
Database Management System
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Example of Metadata:

Filed Name Data type Length Constraint

Roll no Integer 3 Value from 1 to
100
Name Alphabetic 50
Email Alphanumeric 25 Must contain @
Example of a and .
database:
Roll no Name Email
01 Abdul Manan [email protected]
Ahmadzai
02 Usman khan [email protected]
Database Management System
 What is Database?
An organized collection of logically related data that meets the
requirements of all users of an organization is called a database.
OR
Database is a collection of related data or information that is stored
in a computer system.
 The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to
retrieve, insert and delete the data efficiently. It is also used to
organize the data in the form of a table, schema, views, and reports,
etc.

Database Management System

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• For example: The college Database organizes the data about the
admin, staff, students and faculty etc.

• Using the database, you can easily retrieve, insert, and delete the
information

Database Management System

 What is DBMS?
• Database management system is a software which is used to manage
the database. For example: MySql, Sql Server, MS Access and
Oracle etc. are a very popular commercial database which is used in
different applications.

• A DBMS is a set of programs that is used to create and maintain a

database.

• DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like

database creation, updating data, creating a table in the database
and a lot more.
Database Management System
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• A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain, and
control access to the database

• It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of

multiple users.

Database Management System

 What DBMS Provides?
Every DBMS provides the following facilities.

It provides the facility to structure the database.

To store data on some storage medium controlled by DBMS.

It provides the facility to insert, delete, modify, update and retrieve
data to generate reports.

Supports a query language, which is a system of commands that a

database user employs to retrieve data from the database.

Database Management System

 File Processing System
• Traditional or simple file processing is the first computer based
method to handle business application. In the past, many organization
stored data in the file hard disk. The data was managed using file
processing system. In a typical file processing system each
department in an organization has it won set of file. The file are
designed specially for their own application. The records in one file
are not related to the records in any other file.

Database Management System

 Disadvantage of File Processing System

• There are some of the important disadvantage of file processing are

as follows:
• Data redundancy and inconsistency:

• In the file system, the same data may be duplicated in several files.
Suppose there are two file “students” and “library”. The file “
students” contains the roll No, name, address and telephone number
and other detail of a student in university. The file “ library” contains
roll no and name of the students who get a book from library along
with the information about rented books. The data of one student
appears in the two files. This is known as data redundancy.
Database Management System
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• Inconsistency:
• This situation can also result in data inconsistency. Inconsistency
means that two files may contain different data of the same student.
For example if the address of a student is changed, it must be
changed in both files. There is possibility that it is changed in the
“students” file and not from “library “ file. The data becomes
inconsistent in this situation.

Database Management System

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• Data Isolation:
• The data in file processing system is stored in various files. It
becomes very difficult to write new application to retrieve the
appropriate data. Suppose the student emails are stored in “students”
file and fee information is stored in “fee” file. The data from both files
is required to send email message to inform a student that the data
for fee payment is over. In file processing system, it is difficult to
generate such type of list from multiple file.

Database Management System

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• Unstructured Data:
• In file system the data will be unstructured because in file system we
do not define any data types or constraint on the data. Unstructured
data may be in the form of textual, may be in the form of video , may
be in the form of audio, may be in the form of picture, it may be
collective from the YouTube as well as Facebook etc.
• Now a day 80% of data is unstructured.

Database Management System

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• Security Problem:
• Security is less in the File System . We can not define any roles on
the data. We cant define any permission on a small file.

Database Management System

 Advantages of Database Systems

• Reduction of Redundancies:
• Reduction of Redundancies mean that we can store data together in
single smile place, that solve the inconsistence problem, it mean we do
not need to change the record on different files.

• Shared Data:
• Shared Data mean that, In the help of DBMS we can shared the data to
the different users.
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• Improved Integrity:
• Improved Integrity mean that we can apply some roles on the database
for the entering data. Like we want to give admission to those students
that his or her age is greater than 18, so the user can only add students
that his or her age is grater than 18 only.

• Multiple user access:

• Multiple user access mean that DBMS can give different role
accessibilities to the different levels of users.
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• Better data security:
• Database give you a lot of trust to the organization to security the data.
Because no one can access the data.

• Better backup and recovery procedures:

• Backup and recovery is the better advantage of DBMS. Backup and
recovery is the process of duplicating data and storing it in a secure place
in case of loss or damage, and then restoring that data to a location.
 END
THANK
YOU !
KHURASAN
UNIVERSITY

www.Khurasan.edu.af- [email protected]