The Ideal Gas Equation of State

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 The Ideal Gas Equation of State

Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and

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 In 1662, Robert Boyle, an Englishman, observed during his
experiments with a vacuum chamber that the pressure of gases
is inversely proportional to their volume. In 1802, J. Charles and
J. Gay-Lussac, Frenchmen, experimen-tally determined that at
low pressures the volume of a gas is proportional to its
temperature. That is,
P=R(T/U)
PU=RT
 TITLE
where the constant of proportionality R is called the gas
constant. PU=RT is called the ideal-gas equation of state, or
simply the ideal-gas relation, and a gas that obeys this relation is
called an ideal gas. In this equation, P is the absolute pressure, T
is the absolute temperature, and U is the specific volume.

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Sample Problem 1
You have a cylinder containing air that is being compressed.
The specific internal energy of the air increases due to work done on
it. We want to calculate the pressure of the air after compression. If
Initial Specific Internal Energy (U) is 250 J/kg ,Specific Gas Constant
for Air (R) is287 J/(kg·K) and Final Temperature (T) is 350 K
Sample Problem 2
Consider a scenario where the air in the cylinder is heated, causing
its specific internal energy to change. If the new Specific Internal
Energy ( U) is 300 J/kg, Specific Gas Constant for Air (R) 287 J/(kg·K),
Temperature (T) 400 K .
Sample Problem 3
Temperature Rise of Air in a Tire During a Trip
The gage pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be
210 kPa before a trip and 220 kPa after the trip at a location
where the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa (Fig. 3-45).
Assuming the volume of the tire remains constant and the
air temperature before the trip is 25°C, determine air
temperature in the tire after the trip.
 The Compressibility Factor
• Compressibility Factor (Z): A Measure of Deviation from Ideal
Gas Behavior

• Understanding Real Gas Behavior

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 Introduction
• The ideal gas law assumes that gases behave perfectly under
all conditions.
• Real gases exhibit deviations from ideal behavior at high
pressures and low temperatures.
• The compressibility factor (Z) helps quantify these deviations.
• Gas compressors play a crucial role in handling real gases
under varying conditions.

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 Definition of Compressibility Factor
• Z = PV / nRT
• It is a correction factor that accounts for non-ideal gas
behavior.
• For ideal gases: Z = 1
• For real gases: Z ≠ 1 (Z can be greater or less than 1)

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 Interpretation of Z
• Z > 1: Repulsive forces dominate; gas expands more than
expected.
• Z < 1: Attractive forces dominate; gas compresses more than
expected.
• Z = 1: The gas behaves ideally.

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 Causes of Deviation from Ideal Gas Law
• Intermolecular Forces: Attraction or repulsion between
molecules.
• Molecular Volume: Gas molecules have finite volume.
• High Pressure & Low Temperature: Enhance deviations from
ideal behavior.

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 Compressibility Factor Graph
• A plot of Z vs. Pressure for different gases.
• At low pressures, gases behave nearly ideally (Z ≈ 1).
• At high pressures, Z deviates significantly.
• Different gases show unique Z behavior based on their
intermolecular forces

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 Applications of Compressibility Factor in Gas
Compressors
• Used in thermodynamics and engineering to model real gas
behavior.
• Critical in gas compressor design for accurate pressure and
volume estimations.
• Helps optimize efficiency, energy consumption, and
compression ratios in gas processing industries.
• Applied in chemical plants, refineries, and natural gas storage.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• A gas is contained in a 5.0 L vessel at a pressure of 50 atm and
a temperature of 400 K. The gas contains 0.2 moles. Determine
the compressibility factor (Z) for the gas.
• Solution: Use the compressibility factor

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• A gas is known to have a compressibility factor of 0.85 at a
given pressure and temperature. Determine whether the gas
experiences attractive or repulsive forces at these conditions.
• Solution:
• If Z<1Z < 1Z<1, the gas experiences attractive forces, meaning
it is more compressible than an ideal gas.
• If Z>1Z > 1Z>1, the gas experiences repulsive forces, meaning it
is less compressible than an ideal gas.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• A gas compressor operates with a real gas under conditions
where the compressibility factor is 1.2. The gas is compressed
from an initial volume of 10 m³ to a final volume of 2 m³ at a
constant temperature. If the initial pressure is 5 bar, estimate
the final pressure using the modified gas law.
• Solution: Use the real gas equation:

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 END OF SLIDE

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