- Geophysics -

Fundamentals for
Seismic Exploration

Oct, 2012
 Schedule
 Introduction
 Fundamentals of Seismic Wave
 Seismic Wave Propagation
 P wave and Shear wave
 Reflection Coefficient
 Outline of Seismic Data Processing
 Topics of Seismic Data Processing
 Static Correction
 Ｐｏｌａｒｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｓｅｉｓｍｉｃ wave
 DMO (Dip Moveout)
 Schedule
 Introduction
 Fundamentals of Seismic Wave
 Seismic Wave Propagation
 P wave and Shear wave
 Reflection Coefficient
 Outline of Seismic Data Processing
 Topics of Seismic Data Processing
 Static Correction
 Ｐｏｌａｒｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｓｅｉｓｍｉｃ wave
 DMO (Dip Moveout)
 Introduction-1
Exploration Seismology

 Goal :

Imaging of detailed subsurface structure and obtaining
information related to rock properties.
 Method :
 Artificially generate seismic waves and observe the

seismic waves (detection).

 Analysis of observed seismic waves .

Artificial generator : Seismic energy source

Detector : Receiver (Sensor)
 Introduction-2

Classification of Exploration Seismology with

regard to the geometry of source and receiver

 Surface Seismic Method

Reflection Seismic Method (usual
for oil and gas exploration)
 Refraction Seismic Method (rare

case for oil & gas Exploration)

 Borehole Seismic Method
 VSP (surface to borehole)

 Cross-well (borehole to borehole)

 Introduction-3
Geometry of Seismic Methods

Surface S R R R R S R R R R

Reflector

Reflection Seismic Method Refraction Seismic Method

Surface S

R R S

R R

R R S
Reflector

VSP (Vertical Seismic

Profiling) Crosswell Seismic method
 Introduction-4
Reflection Seismic Method
Acquisition
1. Observe reflected waves
2. Recording (A/D conversion)

Data Processing and Analysis

1. Standard Data Processing
2. Special Data Processing (Pre-Stack Migration etc.)
3. Attribute Analysis (AVO, Inversion)

Basement
Results
1. Subsurface imaging
2. Velocity information
3. Information for reservoir characterization

Available to Exploration and

development stages
 Introduction-3
Reflection Seismology

 Acquisition  Data Processing

 Conventional Processing
 Survey Area
 3D Processing
 On-Shore (Land)
 Special Processing
 Off-Shore (Marine)
 Pre-Stack Migration
 Transition Zone
 Depth Migration
 Method  Multiple Attenuation
 2D method  Attribute Analysis
 3D method  AVO
 4D method  Inversion

 3 Component Observation
 4C Observation
 S-Wave Survey
 Seismic Filed Observation
 Energy Source

Explosive source

Non-explosive source
 Receiver

Geophone

Hydrophone

Accelemeter
 Recording

Digital telemetry sysstem

24bit A/D convesion
Layout of Land Seismic Survey
l ess
e
Wir nal
Sig Recording JGI

Track
Remote Station Recorder
Source Unit

Vibrator
Receiver
Geophone Direct wave

Seismic Wave Reflected wave

Reflector

図 4 － 1 反射法地震探査の概念図
Seismic Energy Source
 Explosive Source
 Dynamite
 Non-Explosive Source
 Airgun
 Vibroseis (Vibrator)
 Weight drop type
 Seismic Energy Source - Vibrator

Generate seismic energy

by continuous vibration ,
starting with a low
frequency and gradually
increasing frequencies.
Concept of cross correlation
for vibroseis system

Reference Sweep

Reflector

Reflection (1)

Reflection (2)

Reflection (3)

Reflection (4)

Reflection (5)

Observed data

After cross
correlation with
sweep signal
 Seismic Energy Source - Impactor

Wight-drop type seismic

energy source
 Seismic Energy Source - Airgun

Generate seismic waves

by releasing compressed
air into water.
2D Seismic Survey
2D Seismic Line

Shots and Receivers are on

the same line.

Reflection Point

Subsurface imaging along a

seismic line Example of 2D seismic imaging
 Layout of 2D seismic reflection survey

Geophone JGI

JGI

Source

Reflection Points Receiver Location

１ ２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ １０ １１ １２ １３ １４ １５ １６ １７ １８ １９ ２０ ２１ ２２ ２３ ２４ ２５ ２６ ２７

Relationship between
Source & Receiver Position

Relationship between Source

& Refection Points

CMP (Common Mid Point)

 3D Seismic Survey
3D Imaging by reflection points covering on
the whole survey area.
Receiver Line
Observation at numerous receivers
Shot Line

located on multiple receiver lines

for each shot.

X Y

Distribution of Reflection
points
 Geometry of Land 3D Survey
Swath type (Shot lines and Receiver Recording
lines are perpendicular) JGI
Track
Receiver Line

I
JG
Reflection Points

i ne
otL
Sh

Bin Note : In the case of regular

Survey area is divided into geometry, all reflection points
small rectangle cells, are exactly located at each bin
named “bin” and the bin center. However, in the case of
center is defined as CMP irregular geometry, reflection
in 3D seismic survey. points distribute around bin
center.
CMP (Bin Center) Reflection
point
 Field Operation of Marine 3D Survey

Sail Line

Obtain several CMP lines by multiple streamer cables and

alternative shooting of twin airgun strings through a single sail
line
Example of 3D Volume (Marine 3D)

Cr
os
n e s- L
Li in e
In-

li ce
e S
T i m
Definitions
In Line : Pararell to sail lines
Cross-line : Perpendicular to
sail lines
 4D Seismic Survey
Definition : 4D = 3D + time (Time-lapse 3D)
– Repeat 3D seismic survey several times
– Compare the monitor 3D survey with the baseline 3D survey
Purpose
– Reservoir Monitoring
Obtain time –lapse images associated with fluid and pressure
front of reservoir during hydrocarbon production
Ideal condition of 4D seismic acquisition (practically
difficult)
– Same specification as the baseline survey
– Same weather condition as the baseline survey
– Same noise level as the baseline survey

Baseline 3D survey : the first survey

Monitor 3D survey : on and after the second survey
 Example of 4D Seismic Survey
Baseline seismic 4D Seismic Difference Section
cross-section (Monitor – Baseline)
after co2 injection Horizontal section

(After David E. Lumley, 2004)

Seismic Survey in Transition Zone
Recording
Shooting boat track
Guard boat Vibrator

Airgun
m cable
t o
ce an bot
O

Geological boundary (reflector)

Energy Source Receiver

Marine : Airgun Marine : Hydrophone in Ocean Bottom
Cable
Land : Vibroseis and/or Dynamite Land : Geophone
Seismic Survey in Transition Zone
Seismic survey Layout in Transition zone with Digital OBC System
Example of original shot record
acquired in a transition zone
 Example of Record
Section in Transition
Zone
Rokko Mountain City Area Osaka Bay

Sediment

Granit Energy Source

Marine : Airgun
Land : Vibroseis
Receiver
Marine : Hydrophone
Land : Geophone

Example of Migrated Time Section in Transition Zone

(From Ikawa, et al.,(1996), Yokokura, et.al.(1996)
3- Ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔ Ｄａｔａ Energy Source
Horizontal (H2) Horizontal (H1) Vertical
0 sec

2 sec

JMI-400 Impactor

3-Component
Geophone
4 sec

H2 H1
Sei
sm
ic L
V in e

6 sec
Direction of Shooting
(Perpendicular to the line)
Left
Right

8 sec H2
1.2km

V
 P-Wave (Direct)
Horizontal (H2) Horizontal (H1) Vertical 0 sec
S-Wave (Direct) c
m/se
1500 Surface Wave

c
S-Wave

/se
P-Wave (Reflection)

0m
(Refraction)

34
2 sec
PS Converted
Wave (Reflection) ?

c
/se
0 m
4 0

4 sec
S-Wave
(Reflection)

6 sec

8 sec
1.2km
Borehole Seismic Methods
Advantage
– Detailed subsurface imaging
High resolution
Avoid weathering layer
– Accurate velocity information
Travel time of Direct wave

Disadvantage
– Restricted survey area
Around borehole (VSP)
Interwell zone (Crosswell method)
– Well distance < about 1000m for Crosswell
Limitation of energy source
(After Harris, 1995)
(After Harris et. al., 1995)
 Schedule
 Introduction
 Fundamentals of Seismic Wave
 Seismic Wave Propagation
 P wave and Shear wave
 Reflection Coefficient
 Outline of Seismic Data Processing
 Topics of Seismic Data Processing
 Static Correction
 Polarity
 DMO (Dip Moveout)
Basic Concept of Wave Propagation
A progress disturbance propagates from point to
point in a medium. The disturbance is generated
by a pushing and pulling of material particles
around the baseline.
Note: Particles do not flow along the wave.
X Displacement of particles is limited around the
baseline.

Waveform : Configuration of Particles

t=t1 x=x1 Direction of wave

propagation

t=t2 x=x2 Velocity = X/T

X: Travel Distance
t=t3 x=x ３
T: Travel Time
waveform
 Seismic Wave
Elastic Wave Equation
U
2
2
 ( K   3)(U )    U
t 2

By solving the above equation, the following

two types of seismic wave are derived.

P-wave K  4 (Compressional Wave or

Vp  3 Longitudinal Wave)


S-wave  (Shear Wave)

Vs  V V
 p S

: density : Bulk modulus : shear modulus

 P-Wave and S-Wave

 P-Wave  S-Wave
 Compressional Wave  Shear Wave
 Primary Wave  Secondary

 Longitudinal Waves  Transverse Wave

SH
P

SV
Bulk Modulus
V
P K・
V V-V
V/V : Volumetric Strain V
P : Stress

Shear Modulus Deformation without volumetric change

L L
F   F
L
L/L : Shear Strain
L

F : Shear Stress
No volumetric change
=0 for fluid F
 P-Wave
• Definition
– The particle motion is parallel to the direction of propagation.

Acoustic waves, Primary waves, Longitudinal

waves, Compressional waves
Propagation of
Volume change

Before During After

Compression &
Baseline Expansion Baseline

V V-V1 V+V2 V-V3 V

Corresponding
Waveform V2

V1 V3 Baseline

 S-Wave
• Definition
– The particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.
SV

SH

Direction of Wave
Propagation

Note : Shear wave is usually polarized (SH or SV type). In

homogenous media, velocities of both types are equal.
Density
  s 1      f 
 f  w S w   h 1  S w 

:Density
 ｓ : Density of minerals
f : Density of fluid
w : Density of water
h : Density of hydrocarbon
 : Porosity
Sw : Water saturation
Density is affected by pore fluid.
 Density vs Water Saturation

Gas Reservoir
Oil Reservoir
2.10
2.05
Density (g/cc)

2.00
1.95
1.90
1.85
1.80
1.75
1.70
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Water Saturation
Density (g/cc) matrix: 2.5 gas: 0.001 oil: 0.8 water:1.0
Porosity : 30%
 Property of P-Wave
K  4
Bulk modulus K and
3 density are functions of
Vp  porosity and pore fluid.

: Density K : Bulk modulus
 : Shear modulus P-wave velocity is sensitive
to the property of pore fluid.

 (1   )  s    f
Gassmann Equation
2 K0 : Bulk modulus of mineral
 Kd 
 1   Kd : Bulk modulus of dry rock
K0 
K K d   Kf : Bulk modulus of pore fluid
Kd  : Porosity
1  
K0   : Density

K0 Kf s : Density of mineral
f : Density of fluid
 Bulk Modulus

Gassmann Equation Fluid Bulk Modulus

2
 Kd  1 Sw 1  Sw
 1  
 K0   
K K d 
Kd K fl K w Kh
1  
K0 

K0 Kf Typical values of Kh and Kw
Kgas = 0.021 GPa
Typical values of K0
Koil = 0.79 GPa
Ksand = 40 GPa
Kw = 2.38 GPa
Klime = 60 GPa
Property of S-Wave

Vs  Shear modulus  does not
depend on the pore fluid.

: Density
 : Shear modulus S-wave velocity is not sensitive
to the property of pore fluid.
 (1   )  s    f
 : Porosity
 : Density
s : Density of mineral
f : Density of fluid
 Seismic velocity vs Water saturation

P-Wave Velocity
Gas Reservoir S-Wave velocity
3000

2500 Drastic change of

P-wave velocity
Velocity (m/sec)

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Water Saturation
 Seismic velocity vs Water saturation

P-Wave Velocity
Oil Reservoir S-Wave Velocity
3000

2500
Velocity (m/sec)

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Water Saturation
 Poisson’s Ratio and Seismic Velocity

Definition Stress
Lateral W
W strain
  W
L
L Vertical
strain

Relationship L L + L
V 2
1.0  
P

VS
2
0.5  
W + W
 Poisson’s ratio vs Water saturation

Oil Reservoir
Gas Reservoir
0.40

0.35

0.30
Poisson's Ratio

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Water Saturation
 Vp/Vs ratio vs Water saturation

Oil Reservoir
Gas Reservoir
2.5

2.0
Vp/Vs Ratio

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Water Saturation
 Reflection Coefficient -1
Definition of Reflection
Coefficient
Incident
Reflected
AR
R
Boundary
1, V1
AI
2, V2
AI : Amplitude of Incident Wave
AR : Amplitude of Reflected Wave
Transmitted

AI
 2V2  1V1
R
 2V2  1V1 AR

V : Acoutic Impedance
 Reflection Coefficient -2
Incident
Reflected  2V2  1V1
R
Boundary
1, V1  2V2  1V1
2, V2
V : Acoustic Impedance

Transmitted
2V2 > 1V1 R > 0 : Positive Reflection
2V2 < 1V1 R < 0 : Negative Reflection
Relationship between  and V,
known as ¼-power law

 0.23Vp1 4 Imperial Equation

Gardner (1974)
 Transmission Coefficient
Incident Definition of Transmision
Reflected Coefficient
AT
1, V1 T
Boundary AI
2, V2
AI : Amplitude of Incident Wave
AT : Amplitude of Transmitted Wave
Transmitted

Conservation of Energy
Transmission Coefficient

2 1V1 1V1 1V1 R 2   2V2T 2

T
 2V2  1V1
Incident Reflected Transmitted
Wave Wave Wave
 Reflection Coefficient
Incident Reflected Muli-layered model
(Hi : Thickness of layer)
Upper Boundary

Layer-1 1=2.0g/cc V1=2000m/s H1=1000m

Boundary -1
Layer-2 2=2.4g/cc V2=2500m/s H2=1000m

Boundary -2

Layer-3
3=2.5g/cc V3=3600m/s H3=1800m

Exercise
(1) Calculate acoustic impedance of each layer
(2) Calculate reflection and transmission coefficient at the boundaries
(boundary-1 and 2)
(3) Calculate travel time of transmitted wave at each layer.
(4) Calculate travel time of reflected waves observed at the upper boundary.
(5) Calculate amplitudes of reflected waves, assuming that the amplitude of
incident wave=1.0
 Snell’s Law Seismic wave refracts at the boundary
having a velocity contrast (acoustic

ave
I n W av

ve
P-

impedance contrast).
cid e

S-w

wa
en

P-
t

Reflected
Waves Boundary Condition
1, V1 Continuity of displacement
Boundary Continuity of stress
2, V2 (Function of bulk modulus
Transmitted and shear modulus)
Waves
P-
Wa
S-

ve
W

Amplitude of
av
e

sin  sin  sin  sin  sin  reflected and

p, inc p, ref s, ref p, trn s, trn
    p transmitted waves
V V V V V
p1 p1 s1 p2 s2

P : Ray Parameter (constant)

Important !!
Amplitude of P-wave is affected by Possibility of
velocities of both P and S waves at AVO Analysis
the boundary
 1) Incident Angle = c
In Wa
Critical Angle
Refracted P-Waves
P-
cid ve

ave
(Head wave)
en

c : Critical Angle
S-w
t

S R R R R
V p1
c sin  c 
1, V1
Vp2
2, V2 Transmitted
S-Wave S: Source
R: Receiver
2) Incident Angle > c
Reflected P-Waves
(Wide Angle Reflection)
S R R
If incident angle is larger than
1, V1 the critical angle, almost all
energy of the wave, excluding
the transmitted S-wave
2, V2 Transmitted reflects at the boundary.
S-Wave
(After Hilterman, 1995 )
(After Hilterman, 1995 )
 P-wave Reflection Coefficient Vs Incident Angle

Linear Approximation
Incident Reflected
R( ) A  B sin 2 
R()
  A=Intercept (R0)

1, V1 B=Gradient (R0-2S0)

2, V2 AVO Analysis

B
Cross-Plot
Transmitted

R0: Reflection coefficient of A

vertical P-wave
S0 : Reflection coefficient of
vertical S-wave
Attenuation of Seismic Wave
Spherical Divergence
Elements of Signal Decay
Anelastic Absorption
Scattering Loss
Signal Loss at
Reflection Reflectors

Scattering Loss

Spherical Divergence

Anelastic Absorption
 Amplitude Decay Factor

1
 Spherical Divergence
r
 Anelastic Absorption e  r

 Loss at Reflectors  (1  Ri )

 Scattering Loss
Decay of seismic wave is caused by the combination
of these factors.
Seismic Trace

Wavelet * : convolution

Seismic Trace = ＊ Series of reflection coefficient + noise

 Schedule
 Introduction
 Fundamentals of Seismic Wave
 Seismic Wave Propagation
 P wave and Shear wave
 Reflection Coefficient
 Outline of Seismic Data Processing
 Topics of Seismic Data Processing
 Static Correction
 Polarity
 DMO (Dip Moveout)
Basic Flow of Seismic Data Processing

Off-Shore
On-Shore
Transition
Zone
Concept of CMP Stacking
Ｘ
Ｘ Ｘ

Ｖ
Ｔ０

Ｔ Ｔ

Original data NMO Stacking

(CMP Gather)
 Layout of 2D seismic reflection survey

Geophone JGI

JGI

Source

Reflection Points Receiver Location

１ ２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ １０ １１ １２ １３ １４ １５ １６ １７ １８ １９ ２０ ２１ ２２ ２３ ２４ ２５ ２６ ２７

Relationship between
Source & Receiver Position

Relationship between Source

& Refection Points

CMP (Common Mid Point)

Basic Flow of Seismic Data Processing

Off-Shore
On-Shore
Amplitude
Recovery Transition
Zone
Example of Original Seismic Data

Refracted Wave
(First Break)

Reflected Wave
(Reflection)
Attenuation of Seismic Wave
Spherical Divergence
Elements of Signal Decay
Anelastic Absorption
Scattering Loss
Signal Loss at
Reflection Reflectors

Scattering Loss

Spherical Divergence

Anelastic Absorption
Comparison of Amplitude Recovery Method
Geometrical Spreading Gain Function
+ Exp Gain AGC
6DB 3DB 0DB 1000ms 600ms T**2.5 Original
T**2.0 T**1.5 T**1.0 Original
Principle of
Automatic Gain
Control (AGC)
Gain Recovery
(Compensation
of attenuation)

AGC
Gain Function
Relative Amplitude
Preservation

AGC
Frequency Components of
Observed Seismic Data

Effective Frequency Component

Basic Flow of Seismic Data Processing

Off-Shore
On-Shore
Transition
Zone
Deconvolution
Convolution Model of Seismic Trace

Wavelet
Seismic Trace

Wavelet * : convolution

Seismic Trace = * Series of reflection coefficient

 Concept of Deconvolution
Wavelet

Seismic Trace = * Series of reflection coefficient

Deconvolution
Seismic Trace Series of reflection coefficient
1) Wavelet Shaping

2) Elimination of short-period multiples

Multiple Reflections
Seismic signal contains primary and multiple
reflections.
Shot Receive Shot Receive
r r

Layer boundary Layer boundary

Primary Reflections Multiple Reflections

Multiple reflections are noise signals in reflection seismology and should be eliminated.

How to eliminate multiples

1. NMO + Stacking : Enhance primary reflections using velocity difference
2. Deconvolution : Remove short-period multiples
3. Special Processing : Multiple Attenuation
Before Deconvolution After Deconvolution
Basic Flow of Seismic Data Processing

Off-Shore
On-Shore
Transition
Zone

Velocity Analysis
 Principle of NMO Correction
x
Hyperbolic
t(0) Curve

Common Mid Point (CMP)

2
x
T  t 0   2
2 T ： Travel time
t(0): Normal time
Vrms Vrms : RMS velocity
Why is the CMP stacking method robust ?

Traveltimes of reflection events are approximately hyperbolic with the offset .

X X X

Horizontal two layered

model Dipping two layered Horizontal Multi-layered
Model Model
2 2
2 x 2H 2 X 2H 2
T  T0  2 T0  T  T0  T0  2 X 2H
V V 2 V T  T0  2 T0 
 V  V V
(exact   rms
 cos  
) (approximation)
(exact
)
Apparent velocity
derived from
Dix’s equation
conventional velocity
analysis is affected by
reflector.
 Principle of NMO Correction
x

Common Mid Point (CMP)

If we know t(0) and Vrms, we can x2

 t 0   2  t 0 
2
calculate the value of tnmo t NMO
Vrms

Velocity Analysis
 Principle of
Velocity
Analysis
Picking of velocity maximizing
the power of stacked events.

Table of (T0 ,Vrms)

Picked seismic velocity is

called RMS velocity.
Example of Velocity Analysis
- Constant Velocity Scan -
CMP Gather Panel of Power Velocity Picking
Example of Velocity Analysis
- Constant Velocity Scan -
CMP Gather Panel of Power Velocity Picking
 Example of Velocity Analysis
1400m/s - Constant Velocity Stack -

1700m/s

2000m/s

3000m/s
Time

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0
 Example of Velocity Analysis
1400m/s
- Constant Velocity Stack -

1700m/s

2000m/s

3000m/s
Time

(t1,v1)

1.0 (t2,v2)
(t3,v3)
(t4,v4)
2.0
(t5,v5)
(t6,v6)
3.0 (t7,v7)

4.0
Seismic velocity derived from
velocity analysis

velocity
analysis
Example of Velocity Analysis
- Interactive Method on Workstation -
Basic Flow of Seismic Data Processing

Off-Shore
On-Shore
Transition
Zone

NMO

Mute

Stack
 Principle of NMO Correction
x

Common Mid Point (CMP)

Normal Move out x2

 t 0   2  t 0 
2
t NMO
Vrms
x2
t 0   2  t 0 
2

Vrms Vrms : RMS velocity

NMO Correction, CMP Gather NMO Mute Stack

Mute & Stack

CMP Gather

Apply NMO based

on the result of
velocity analysis

Mute

Stack
Frequency Component after Stack
Filtered Stack Section
Principle of
Migration
Normal Time and
Imaging Point for
Dipping Reflector
Filtered Stack Section (after Migration)
Schedule
Introduction
Fundamentals of Seismic Wave
– Seismic Wave Propagation
– P wave and Shear wave
– Reflection Coefficient
Outline of Seismic Data Processing
Topics of Seismic Data Processing
– Static Correction
– Ｐｏｌａｒｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｓｅｉｓｍｉｃ wave
– DMO (Dip Moveout)
Principle of Static Correction

Remove weathering layer

and shift to the datum plane
Example of Static Correction
 A D

Vw
ic : Critical angle ｉ ｉｃ Refracted wave ｉｃ

B C
Vsw ｒ
Travel time

Ｔ T2
D
T1
Ｔ１ Ｔ２
A First Break
Vw

B C Vsw
Refraction Analysis for Static
Correction

Time-Term

Sub-weathering
Velocity

Weathering
Structure
Example of Static Correction

Without static
correction

With static
correction
Schedule
Introduction
Fundamentals of Seismic Wave
– Seismic Wave Propagation
– P wave and Shear wave
– Reflection Coefficient
Outline of Seismic Data Processing
Topics of Seismic Data Processing
– Static Correction
– Polarity
– DMO (Dip Moveout)
Polarity of Seismic Waves

Surface
D
Incident Wave : U cos( t  kz )
Reflected Wave : U r  R * cos( t  kz)
Z-Axis
Reflected Observatio
Wave n
Incident
Wave
G H
Observed Data
2D V
Geophone : G  cos(  t  kz )  R * cos(  t  k ( z  2 D))
Hydrophone : H  cos(  t  kz )  R * cos(  t  k ( z  2 D))

Amplitude of reflected waves on free surface

Geophone : Twice of incident wave
Hydrophone : Zero (Cancelled)
Schedule
Introduction
Fundamentals of Seismic Wave
– Seismic Wave Propagation
– P wave and Shear wave
– Reflection Coefficient
Outline of Seismic Data Processing
Topics of Seismic Data Processing
– Static Correction
– Polarity
– DMO (Dip Moveout)
Principle of DMO (Dip Moveout)

L L T
V
2
H 2

 L2 cos 2 
S M P G
NMO ； T  Tn
HP 2
Tn  H 2 cos 2   L2 sin 2 
H V

R
DMO ； Tn  T p T p 2 H p V 
D M P (CMP to CRP)
 2 H 2 cos 2   L2 sin 2 
Tp 
V H cos 
L2 tan 
MP X 
H
DMO operation creates CRP gather from post-NMO CMP gather .
S M G S M P G

R R
D
'
DMO in Common Offset Domain
2 DMO Operator
Tn  H 2 cos 2   L2 sin 2 
V
-L L
X
2 2 2 2
2 H cos   L sin 
Tp 
V H cos 
Tn

L2 tan 
X  Tp
H Reflection point exists somewhere
on the ellipse of DMO operator.
Relationship between Tp and X
DMO in Common Offset Domain
DMO (L= constant) X(CRP
Operator2
 Tp 
2
)
 X 
     1
 L   Tn 

ct or
Refle
Parameter (known)
T
L : Offset/2
Tn : Traveltime after NMO Imaging of reflector is given by the
envelop of DMO operator.
 NMO Stack
Conventional NMO & Stack
V NMO V cos 

CMP
Gather
CMP

NMO DMO Common CRP Stack

V NMO V Gather

NMO + DMO & Stack

X
L
DMO on Common Offset
CMP Panel L=Constant
Comparison of Velocity Analysis
Stacking Velocity D MO Velocity Analysis by
Method
Analysis Velocity Analysis Pre- Stack Time Migration

Influence of Dipping Reflector No Inflence of Dipping Reflector No Influence of Dipping Reflector

Velocity
V ( x, z )
V  V V ( x, z) V V ( z )
cos 

Reflection Deviated from the Analysis Point Deviated from the Analysis Point J ust below the Analysis Point
Point Normal to the Reflector Normal to the Reflector

S2 S1 M Ｒ1 Ｒ２ X S1 X
S2 M Ｒ1 Ｒ２ X S2 S1 Ｒ 1 M Ｒ ２
Concept

D D' D D' D
  

Z- Axis Z- Axis Z- Axis

 DMO
Velocit
y

Soni
c

Conventional
Stacking
Velocity