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CHM 101 lecture notes

The document explains chemical equations as shorthand representations of chemical changes, detailing the roles of reactants and products. It outlines the requirements for balanced chemical equations and provides examples of various types of chemical reactions, including combination, thermal decomposition, displacement, and double decomposition reactions. Additionally, it covers concepts such as reversible reactions, thermal dissociation, and catalysis.

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4 views

CHM 101 lecture notes

The document explains chemical equations as shorthand representations of chemical changes, detailing the roles of reactants and products. It outlines the requirements for balanced chemical equations and provides examples of various types of chemical reactions, including combination, thermal decomposition, displacement, and double decomposition reactions. Additionally, it covers concepts such as reversible reactions, thermal dissociation, and catalysis.

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p9ym77g8m8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

• A shorthand way of presenting a chemical or


physical change.
• Reactants: Substances combining/diappearing
• Products: Substances that are formed.
• Reactants Products
(LHS) arrow (RHS)
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Basic Requirements:
1. The equation must be a statement of
experimental fact- not a guess.
2. Chemical formulae of reactants and products
must be written as they occur naturally
E.g diatomic molecules must be written as
For instance O2, H2 not as O or H respectively.
3. Physical state must be indicated
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS CONT.
• Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen gas to produce water
Word Equation
• Hydrogen + Oxygen Water
Formula Equation
H2(g) + O2 (g) H2O (l)
When potassium trioxochlorate (v) is heated gently, the crystals melt and then
decompose to liberate oxygen gas and form a white residue of potassium
chloride.
KClO3 KCl (s) + O2 (g) -Unbalanced
K 1x 2 1 X2
Cl 1 X2 1 X2
O 3 X2 2 X3
2KClO3 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) -Balanced
Chemical Equations
Xe + F2 XeF6
Xe: 1 Xe: 1
F :2 x 3 F: 6

Xe + 3F2 XeF6
KOH + CO K CO + H O Unbalanced
2 2 3 2
K: 1 X2 =2 K:2

O: 3 O:4

H: 1 H:2

C: 1 C: 1

2KOH + CO K CO + H O Balanced
2 2 3 2
Chemical Equations
C + SO2
C: 1 X 5 C:1
S: 1 X2 S:2
O: 2 O:1 X4
5C + 2SO2 (Balanced)
ASS: Balance the equation below:
Ag + H2S
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Combination or addition reaction: When thwo or more
compounds/elements combine to form a new single
compound; i.e C
• A+B C
• Fe + S FeS
• H2 + Cl2 2HCl
2. Thermal Decomposition Reaction: This occurs when a single
solid compound is heated and it splits into two more substances.
C A+B
2HgO Hg(l) + O2(g)
Pb(NO3)2 PbO +NO2 + O2
• Displacement and Replacement Reaction
An element A displaces or replaces another
element from a compound of B
A + BC AC + B
*Factors that govern diplacement of elements
Double Decomposition Reactions
When two compounds react to produce two new compounds by exchange of
ions
AB + CD AD + BC
FOUR TYPES
a) Precipitation
HCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl(aq) + HNO3(aq)
b) Neutralization
H2SO4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2O
c)Formation of volatile acids
2NaCl(s) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4(s) +HCl
d) Liberation of Ammonia gas
NH4Cl(s) + NaOH (aq) NaCl(s) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)
5. Reversible Reaction- Proceeds in either direction
A+ BC+D
Action of heat on red-hot iron
3Fe(s) + H2O (l) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)

6. Thermal dissociation- A reversible reaction whose direction is determined


by temperature change
NH4Cl(s) NH3 (g)+ HCl
7.Catalysis
8. Redox reactions

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