MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

21CEO307T
UNIT III
 CONTENTS
• Waste Collection, Storage and Transport
• Methods of solid wastes collection
• Analysis of collection system
• Collection Components
• Storage: Containers / Collection Vehicles
• Tutorial5: Identify the suitable collection system for
urban areas
• Collection Operation
• Movement of collection crew
• Collection vehicle routing
• Transfer station and their goals
• Capacity and Viability
• Waste Collection System Design
• Record Keeping, Control, Inventory and Monitoring
• Implementing Collection and Transfer System
 WASTE COLLECTION, STORAGE AND
TRANSPORT
• WHY SOLID WASTE COLLECTION IS REQUIRED ?
• Health of Citizens : Organic waste biodegrades quickly and
releases pungent odours. The discharge of organic
waste attracts flies, rats and other pests. These vectors
spread diseases.
• Environmental Sustainability: The water, air and physical
environment have been affected due to bad management
of solid waste.
• Beauty of the Area: Improper solid waste management, not
only threatens the natural beauty of water bodies,
forest reserves, diversity-rich mountains and beaches but
also cities and villages. Littering spoils the scenic
 COLLECTION COMPONENTS
1) Collection points
2) Collection frequency
Factors affecting collection frequency:
3) Cost/Storage space/Sanitation
3) Storage containers
Factors affecting storage:
4) Efficiency/Convenience/Compatibility/Public health
and safety/Ownership
4) Collection crew
5) Collection route (Routing/Network analyses)
6) Transfer station
EVALUATION OF COLLECTION SYSTEM
• Effective
• Efficient
• Cost Effectiveness
• Environmentally Appropriate
• Citizen Involvement
• Human Factors
• Teamwork
STORAGE: CONTAINERS/COLLECTION VEHICLES
Stationary containers Hauled containers

Communal containers
WASTE COLLECTION VEHICLES
 TRANSFER STATION
• A transfer station is a building or processing site for the
temporary deposition of waste.
• Transfer stations are often used as places where
local waste collection vehicles will deposit their
waste cargo prior to loading into larger vehicles. These
larger vehicles will transport the waste to the end
point of disposal in an incinerator, landfill,
or hazardous waste facility, or for recycling.
• Transfer stations are sometimes with material
located recovery facilities and mechanical
biological
with treatment
localizedsystems to remove recyclable items
 TYPES
1) Small to medium Transfer stations
• 100 to 500 tonnes per day

• No storage area

2) Large transfer station

• Direct discharge non-compaction station

• Platform / pit non-compaction station

• Compaction station

• Capacity / Viability / Cost ananysis

 COLLECTION COMPONENTS
• Collection points: These affect such
collection
system components as crew size and storage, which
ultimately control the cost of collection. Note that
the collection points depend on locality and may be
residential, commercial or industrial.
 COLLECTION COMPONENTS
• Collection frequency: Climatic conditions and requirements of a
locality as well as containers and costs determine the
collection frequency. In hot and humid climates, for example,
solid wastes must be collected at least twice a week, as the
decomposing solid wastes produce bad odour and leachate. And,
as residential wastes usually contain food wastes and other
putrescible (rotting) material, frequent collection is desirable
for health and aesthetic reasons.
• While deciding collection frequency, therefore, you must consider
the following: cost, e.g., optimal collection frequency reduces
the cost as it involves fewer trucks,
• Employees and reduction in total route distance; storage
space, e.g., less frequent collection may require more storage
 COLLECTION COMPONENTS
• (iii) Storage containers: container
Proper selection can save energy,
collection
increase the speed of collection and reduce
crew size. Most importantly, containers
should be functional for the amount and type
of materials and collection vehicles used.
Containers should also be durable, easy to
handle, and economical, as well as resistant
to corrosion, weather and animals.
 COLLECTION COMPONENTS
• (iv) Collection crew : The optimum crew size for a community
depends on labour and equipment costs, collection
methods and route characteristics. The size of the
collection crew also depends on the size and type of
collection vehicle used, space between the houses,
waste generation rate and collection frequency.
• An effective collection crew size and proper workforce
management can influence the productivity of the
collection system. The crew size, in essence, can have a
great effect on overall collection costs.
• However, with increase in collection costs, the trend in recent
years is towards: decrease in the frequency of
collection; increase in the dependence on residents
 COLLECTION COMPONENTS
• (v) Collection route : The collection programme must consider the
route that is efficient for collection. An efficient routing of Unit
3: Waste Collection, Storage and Transport 91 collection
vehicles helps decrease costs by reducing the labour
expended for collection. Proper planning of collection
route also helps conserve energy and minimise working hours
and vehicle fuel consumption.
• (vi) Transfer station : A transfer station is an intermediate
station between final disposal option and collection point in
order to increase the efficiency of the system, as collection
vehicles and crew remain closer to routes. If the disposal site is
far from the collection area, it is justifiable to have a transfer
 WASTE COLLECTION METHOD
• The waste collection process contains the way from filling of
containers to loading of the collection
vehicle.
• A variety of residential, commercial, and industrial development, it is
impossible to collect waste with just one system.
• A variety of collection systems are used that respective municipal
requirements to be used accordingly.
• Each collection method has compatible container systems and
vehicles with dedicated loaders.
• Simple Emptying Method

• Exchange Method

• One-Way Method
• Non-systematic Collection
 SIMPLE EMPTYING METHOD:
• The Simple Emptying Method is
used for the removal of
household and small-scale
commercial
waste with mobile containers
which are drained at the consumer.
• A lot of different
standardized containers are used.
• These containers are emptied
by combination top-loaders that
can pick up many different
container sizes.
• Some container systems have
been modernized to
 WASTE COLLECTION METHOD
Exchange Method:

• At this method, full containers are exchanged with empty

containers at their location.
• This method is suitable for high sensitivity waste, e.g.
construction debris and sludge, as well as for low density
waste from institutions or large hotels.
• Because of economy, these containers have minimum capacities
of 4 m3.
One-Way Method:
• In the one-way method, waste is picked up in clear plastic or
paper bags whose volume is limited to a maximum of 110 L.
• The bags are picked up by hand, so there are no emptied
 WASTE COLLECTION METHOD
NON-SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION:

• The non-systematic collection method is used for

collecting bulky waste or extra large particles, e.g. bulky
goods.
 WASTE COLLECTION METHOD
• Special Collection Systems:

• Vacuum extraction and hydraulic flushing are two

kinds of special collection systems.
• Both the pneumatic vacuum transport systems and the
hydraulic flushing method combine collection and
transport processes, but they have low importance.
 TRANSFER STATION
• A transfer station is a building or processing site for the
temporary

deposition of waste.

•Transfer stations are often used as places where local

waste collection vehicles will deposit their waste cargo prior

to loading into larger vehicles.

 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF A
TRANSFER STATION
• Types of waste received.
• Processes required in recovering material from wastes.
• Required capacity and amount of waste storage desired.
• Types of collection vehicles using the facility.
• Types of transfer vehicles that can be accommodated at the
disposal facilities.
• Site topography and access.
• The main problem in the establishment of a transfer station, however,
is securing a suitable site. Stored solid wastes and recyclable
materials, if not properly handled, will attract flies and other insect
vectors. Odours from the transferred solid wastes will also be a
nuisance, if not properly controlled.
 TYPES OF TRANSFER STATION
• Small to medium transfer stations
• Large transfer stations
Small to medium transfer stations:
• These are direct-discharge stations that provide no intermediate waste
storage area.
• The capacities are generally small (less than 100 tonnes/day) and
medium (100 to 500 tonnes/day). Depending on weather, site
aesthetics and environmental concerns, transfer operations of this
size may be located either indoor or outdoor.
• More complex small transfer stations are usually attended during
hours of operation and may include some simple waste and materials
processing facilities. For example, it includes a recyclable material
separation and processing centre.
 TYPES OF TRANSFER STATION
Large Transfer stations:
These are designed for heavy commercial use by private and municipal
collection vehicles. The typical operational procedure for a larger station
is as follows:
• when collection vehicles arrive at the site, they are checked in
for billing, weighed and directed to the appropriate dumping area.
• collection vehicles travel to the dumping area and empty the
wastes into a waiting trailer, a pit or a platform.
• after unloading, the collection vehicle leaves the site, and there is
no need to weigh the departing vehicle, if its weight (empty) is known.
• Transfer vehicles are weighed either during or after loading. If
weighed during loading, trailers can be more consistently loaded to
just under maximum legal weights and this maximizes payloads and
 DESIGNS FOR LARGER TRANSFER
OPERATIONS
• Several different designs for larger transfer operations are common,
depending on the transfer distance and vehicle type. Most designs,
however, fall into one of the following three categories:

Direct-discharge non-compaction station:

• In these stations, waste is dumped directly from collection vehicle into
waiting transfer trailers and is generally designed with two main operating floors.
• In the transfer operation, wastes are dumped directly from collection
vehicles (on the top floor) through a hopper and into open top trailers on the
lower floor.
• The trailers are often positioned on scales so that dumping can be stopped
when the maximum payload is reached.
• A stationary crane with a bucket is often used to distribute the waste in the
trailer. After loading, a cover or tarpaulin is placed over the trailer top.
• However, some provision for waste storage during peak time or system
 PLATFORM/PIT NON-COMPACTION
STATION:
• In this arrangement, the collection vehicles dump their
wastes onto a platform or into a pit using waste handling
equipment, where wastes can be temporarily stored, and if
desired, picked through for recyclables or unacceptable
materials.
• The waste is then pushed into open-top trailers, usually by
front-end loaders. Like direct discharge stations, platform
stations have two levels. If a pit is used, however, the station
has three levels.
• A major advantage of these stations is that they provide
temporary storage, which allows peak inflow of wastes to be
levelled out over a longer period.
 PLATFORM/PIT NON-COMPACTION
STATION:
• Compaction station:
• In this type of station, the mechanical equipment is used to increase the
density of wastes before they are transferred.
• The most common type of compaction station uses a
hydraulically powered compactor to compress wastes.
• Wastes are fed into the compactor through a chute, either directly
from collection trucks or after intermediate use of a pit.
• The hydraulic ram of the compactor pushes waste into the transfer
trailer, which is usually mechanically linked to the compactor (EPA,
1995). Compaction stations are used when:
• wastes must be baled for shipment;
• open-top trailers cannot be used because of size restrictions;
• site topography or layout does not accommodate a multi-level building.
 COLLECTION OPERATION
• MOVEMENT OF COLLECTION CREW:
• In cultures such as India, Bangladesh, etc., solid waste collection is
assigned to the lowest social group.
• More often, the collection crew member accepts the job as a
temporary position or stopgap arrangement, while looking for other
jobs that are considered more respectable.
• Apart from this cultural problem, the attitude of some SWM
authorities affects collection operation.
• For example, some authorities still think that the collection of solid
waste is mechanical, and therefore, the collection crew does not
need any training to acquire special skills.
• As a result, when a new waste collector starts working, he or she is
sent to the field without firm instruction concerning his or her
 COLLECTION OPERATION
• You must also note that the movement of collection crew,
container location and vehicle stopping point affect collection
system costs.
• Figure highlights the distance the collection crew will have to walk,
if it were to serve the farthest point first or serve the point closest
to the vehicle
 COLLECTION OPERATION
• The difference may be one or two minutes per collection stop, but it
matters with the number of stops the crew will take in a working shift.
Multiplying the minutes by the total number of crew working and labour
cost depicts the amount of labour hours lost in terms of monetary value.
• Generally, familiarity of the crew with the collection area improves efficiency.
For example, the driver becomes familiar with the traffic jams, potholes and
other obstructions that he or she must avoid.
• The crew is aware of the location of the containers and the vehicle stops. It is,
therefore, important to assign each crew specific areas of responsibility.
• Working together also establishes an understanding of the strong and weak
points of the team members and efficient work sequences.
• The collection operation must also observe a strict time schedule. Testing of
new routes, new gadgets and vehicles is best carried out first in the laboratory
and later in a pilot area.
 COLLECTION OPERATION
• Motion time measurement (MTM) technique :
• Motion time measurement (MTM) studies are now an integral part of
the standard procedure in the development of solid waste collection systems.
• MTM is a technique to observe and estimate the movement of the collection
crew with the help of stopwatches.
• The results thus gathered are tabulated to determine the best sequence of
activities that workers must follow in order to complete a repetitive task in the
shortest possible time.
• MTM also helps in deciding the best combination of equipment to maintain a
desired level of output, reduce health problems related to the repetitive
work sequence and predict the effects of changes in materials handled.
• Sophisticated MTM studies involve hidden or open video cameras at different
collection stops to record, replay and study the operation sequence of
the collection crew.
 COLLECTION OPERATION
• COLLECTION VEHICLE ROUTING:
• Efficient routing and re-routing of solid waste collection vehicles can
help decrease costs by reducing the labour expended for collection.
Routing procedures usually consist of the following two separate
components.

• Macro-routing:
• Macro-routing, also referred to as route-balancing, consists of dividing
the total collection area into routes, sized in such a way as to represent
a day’s collection for each crew.
• The size of each route depends on the amount of waste collected per
stop, distance between stops, loading time and traffic conditions.
• Barriers, such as railroad embankments, rivers and roads with heavy
competing traffic, can be used to divide route territories.
 COLLECTION OPERATION
• Micro-routing:
• Using the results of the macro-routing analysis, micro-routing can
define the specific path that each crew and collection vehicle will take
each collection day.
• Results of micro-routing analyses can then be used to readjust
macro-routing decisions.
• Micro-routing analyses should also include input and review from
experienced collection drivers.
• The heuristic (i.e., trial and error) route development process is a
relatively simple manual approach that applies specific routing patterns
to block configurations.
• The map should show collection, service garage locations, disposal or
transfer sites, one-way streets, natural barriers and areas of heavy
traffic flow. Routes should then be traced onto the tracing paper using
the following rules
 COLLECTION OPERATION
• The collection route should be started as close to the garage or
motor pool as possible, taking into account heavily travelled and one-way
streets.
• Heavily travelled streets should not be visited during rush hours.
• In the case of one-way streets, it is best to start the route near the upper
end of the street, working down it through the looping process.
• Services on dead-end streets can be considered as services on the street
segment that they intersect, since they can only be collected by
passing down that street segment.
• To keep right turns at a minimum, (in countries where driving is
left-oriented) collection from the dead-end streets is done when they are
to the left of the truck. They must be collected by walking down,
reversing the vehicle or taking a U-turn.
• Waste on a steep hill should be collected, when practical, on both sides of
 COLLECTION OPERATION
• Higher elevations should be at the start of the route.
• For collection from one side of the street at a time, it is generally
best to route with many anti-clockwise turns around blocks.
• For collection from both sides of the street at the same time, it is
generally best to route with long, straight paths across the grid before
looping anti-clockwise.
 STORAGE:
CONTAINERS/COLLECTION
VEHICLES
As mentioned in Unit 1, waste storage is an important component of
a waste management system. Waste storage encompasses proper
containers to store wastes and efficient transport of wastes
without any spillage to transfer stations/disposal sites. We will
analyze these two aspects of waste storage.
 STORAGE: CONTAINERS/COLLECTION
VEHICLES
• Containers/storage bin
• The design of an efficient waste collection system requires careful
consideration of the type, size and location of containers at the point
of generation for storage of wastes until they are collected.
• While single-family households generally use small containers,
residential units, commercial units, institutions and industries
require large containers. Smaller containers are usually handled
manually whereas the larger, heavier ones require mechanical
handling. The containers may fall under either of the following two
categories:

• Stationary containers:
• These are used for contents to be transferred to collection vehicles at the
site of storage.
 STORAGE: CONTAINERS/COLLECTION
VEHICLES
Hauled containers
• The desirable characteristics of a well-designed container are low cost, size,
weight, shape, resistance to corrosion, water tightness, strength and durability.
• For example, a container for manual handling by one person should not weigh
more than 20 kg, lest it may lead to occupational health hazards such as
muscular strain, etc.
• Containers that weigh more than 20 kg, when full, require two or more crew
members to manually load and unload the wastes, and which result in low
collection efficiency.
• Containers should not have rough or sharp edges, and preferably have a
handle and a wheel to facilitate mobility.
• They should be covered to prevent rainwater from entering (which increases the
weight and rate of decomposition of organic materials) into the solid
wastes.
• The container body must be strong enough to resist and discourage stray
animals and scavengers from ripping it as well as withstand rough handling
 STORAGE: CONTAINERS/COLLECTION
VEHICLES
• Generally, the containers used for waste
storage are communal/public containers.
Figure below shows a typical communal
container, which a compactor collection
vehicle can lift and empty mechanically.
• The use of communal containers is largely
dependent on local culture, tradition and attitudes
towards waste. Communal containers may be fixed
on the ground (stationary) or movable (hauled).
• Movable containers are provided with hoists and
tails compatible with lifting mechanism of collection
vehicles and such containers have capacities of 1 –
4 m3. The waste management authority must
monitor, maintain and upgrade the communal
 STORAGE: CONTAINERS/COLLECTION
VEHICLES
• Almost all collections are based on collector and collection
crew, which move through the collection service area with a
vehicle for collecting the waste material.
• The collection vehicle selected must be appropriate to the
terrain, type and density of waste generation points, the way
it travels and type and kind of material.
• Small-scale collection and muscle-powered vehicles
• Non-compactor trucks
• Compactor truck
 STORAGE: CONTAINERS/COLLECTION
VEHICLES
• Small-scale and
collection
muscle-powered vehicles:
• These are common vehicles used for
waste collection in many countries
and are generally used in rural hilly
areas.
• As Figure illustrates, these can be
small rickshaws, carts or wagons
pulled by people or animals, and are
• less expensive,
They easier
are suitable for to build and
populate
maintain compared to with
other
narrowlanes,
densely areas vehicle.
and d
settlements,where there is relatively
squatt
volume of waste low generated.er
 STORAGE: CONTAINERS/COLLECTION
VEHICLES
• Non-compactor trucks:
• Non-compactor trucks are efficient and cost
effective in small cities and in areas where
wastes tend to be very dense and have
little potential for compaction. Figure
illustrates a non-compactor truck When these
trucks are used for waste collection, they
need a dumping system to easily discharge the
waste.
• It is generally required to cover the trucks in
order to prevent residue flying off or rain
soaking the wastes. Trucks with capacities of 10
– 12 m3 are effective, if the distance between
the disposal site and the collection area is
less than 15 km.
 STORAGE: CONTAINERS/COLLECTION
VEHICLES
• Compactor truck:
• Compaction vehicles are more
common these days, generally
having capacities of 12 – 15 m3 due
to limitations imposed by narrow
roads. Although the capacity of a
compaction vehicle, illustrated in
Figure. It is similar to that of a dump
truck, the weight of solid wastes
collected per trip is 2 to 2.5 times
larger since the wastes are
hydraulically compacted
 STORAGE: CONTAINERS/COLLECTION
VEHICLES
• Compactor truck:

• A compactor truck allows waste containers to be emptied

into the vehicle from the rear, front or sides and inhibits
vectors (of disease) from reaching the waste during collection
and transport. It works poorly when waste containers are
uniform, large, covered and relatively visually inoffensive;
• waste is set out in containers so that the crew can pick them
up quickly;
• health risk to the collectors and odor on the streets are
minimized;
• waste is relatively inaccessible to the waste pickers.
 CAPACITY AND VIABILITY OF TRANSFER
STATIONS
A transfer station should have enough capacity to manage and
handle the wastes at the facility throughout its operating life.
• While selecting the design capacity of a transfer station, we must,
therefore, consider trade-offs between the capital costs
associated with the station and equipment and the operational
costs.
• Designers should also plan adequate space for waste storage and,
if necessary, waste processing.
• Transfer stations are usually designed to have 1.5 – 2 days of
storage capacity.
• To minimize the space required, the facility should be designed
such that the collection vehicle backs into the unloading
 CAPACITY AND VIABILITY OF TRANSFER
STATIONS
Factors that should be considered in determining the appropriate capacity of
a transfer facility include:
• Capacity of collection vehicles using the facility;

• Desired number of days of storage space on tipping floor;

• Time required to unload collection vehicles;

• Number of vehicles that will use the station and their expected days
and hours of arrival;
• Waste sorting or processing to be accomplished at the facility;

• Transfer trailer capacity; hours of station operation;

• Availability of transfer trailers waiting for loading;

• Time required, if necessary, to attach and disconnect trailers from tractors

or compactors.
 WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM DESIGN
• After the identification of appropriate options for
collection, equipment and transfer, the
various combinations of these elements
to define system-wide alternatives for further
analysis has to be examined.
• Each should be evaluated for its ability to achieve
the identified goals of the collection
programme.
• Economic analysis will usually be a central focus
WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM DESIGN
 WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM DESIGN
• This initial evaluation will lead to several
iterations, with the differences between
the alternatives under consideration becoming
more narrowly focused with each round of
evaluations
• After comparing the alternative strategies, the
various elements like crew and truck
requirement, time requirement and cost
involved are calculated.
 WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM DESIGN
• The various formulae used to calculate are:
• (i) Number of services/vehicle load (N):
N = (C x D)/W where, C = Vehicle capacity (m3 ); D
= Waste density (kg/m3 ) and W = Waste
generation/residence (kg/service)
• (ii) Time required collecting one load (E):
E = N x L where, L = Loading time/residence, including
on-route travel
• (iii) Number of loads/crew/day (n):
The number of loads (n) that each crew can collect in a
day can be estimated based on the workday length (t),
 WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM DESIGN
• The various formulae used to calculate are:
• Administrative and break time (t1):
t1 = A + B where, A = Administrative time (i.e., for meetings,
paperwork, unspecified slack time) and
B = Time for breaks and lunch
• Hauling and other travel time (t2):
• t2 = (n x H) - f + G + J where, n = Number of loads/crew/day; H
= Time to travel to disposal site, empty truck, and return to
route; f = Time to return from site to route; G = Time to
travel from staging garage to route and J = Time to return from
disposal site to garage.
• Time spent on collection route (t3):
t3 = n x E where variables have been previously defined.
• Length of workday (t):
 WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM DESIGN
• (iv) Calculation of number of vehicles and
crews (K):

K = (S x F)/(N x n x M) where,S = Total number

of
services in the area F =
collection collection ; Frequency of M
workdays/week and =
(numbers/week) Number
•(v) Calculation of annual vehicle and of
labour
costs: Vehicle costs = Depreciation +
Maintenance + Consumables + Overhead
 RECORD KEEPING, CONTROL, INVENTORY
AND MONITORING
• For effective waste collection and, indeed, SWM, we
must maintain records on the quantities of
wastes collected and their variation within a week,
month and year, as well as on established long-
term trends in solid waste generation rates and
composition, sources of wastes and the personnel
collecting them. Long-term trends in solid waste
generation rates and composition form the basis
for planning, especially in budgeting for future
vehicle requirements and allocating the
 RECORD KEEPING, CONTROL, INVENTORY
AND MONITORING
Components Factors to Consider

labour cost
distance between containers size and types of containers
Crew size
loading accessories available in the truck
collection vehicle used

solid wastes generation rate density of waste generation street width

Container type traffic volume
collection crew configuration standard of living

Collection labour cost

accessory protection of worker’s health

Vehicle street width, traffic volume solid waste generation rates crew size
size/type viability of a transfer station

street width, traffic volume direction of traffic flow

Collection
route solid waste generation rates spatial distribution of wastes
local topography

distance between disposal site and collection area

Transfer
hauling cost for small and large trucks
station cost of transferring the solid wastes from small to large trucks
Tabl w contains an illustration of a checklist of factors that affect the
• e waste coll
belo
 RECORD KEEPING, CONTROL, INVENTORY
AND MONITORING
• Records of personnel and quantities of wastes collected are, when
maintained, useful in determining the efficiency of the personnel and
in correlating waste quantities with conditions in the service area.
• A time keeping system at the transfer or disposal site is a key element in
improving the efficiency of collection system and planning an
upgraded system.
• The timekeeping system determines if the crew were taking
long rest periods, spending time salvaging or carrying
out unauthorized activities.
• The performance of a particular crew in terms of the
quantity of solid wastes collected per day could
be compared with that of another collection crew
working under similar conditions.
IMPLEMENTING COLLECTION AND TRANSFER
SYSTEM
• Implementing of collection and transfer system
involves the following activities, which are
important for success of the plan .
(i) Finalizing and implementing the system management plan:

•and
Fortransfer
proper system,
implementation
it isof necessary
tocollection
have clear
organizational structures and management plans.
• The organizational structure should be simple, with
a minimum of administrativo and management
layers between collection crews
 IMPLEMENTING COLLECTION AND
TRANSFER SYSTEM
• (ii) Purchasing and managing equipment: For
purchasing equipment, most municipalities issue
bid specifications.
• Detailed specifications include exact
requirements for equipment sizes and capacities,
power ratings, etc. Performance specifications
often request that equipment be equivalent to
certain available models and meet standards for
capacity, speed, etc.
 IMPLEMENTING COLLECTION AND
TRANSFER SYSTEM
• In addition, each vehicle should have an
individual maintenance record that includes the
following items:
• preventive maintenance schedule;
• current list of specific engine;
• A description of repairs and a list
containing information on the repair date,
mechanic, cost, type and manufacturer of
repair parts and the length of time the truck
 IMPLEMENTING COLLECTION AND
TRANSFER SYSTEM
• (iii) Hiring and training personnel: As in all
organizations, good personnel management
is essential to an efficient, high-quality waste
collection system. Authorities responsible for
SWM should, therefore, strive to hire and
keep well-qualified personnel.
• (iv) Providing public information: Maintaining good
communication with the public is important to
a well-run collection system.
 IMPLEMENTING COLLECTION AND
TRANSFER SYSTEM
• (v) Monitoring system cost and performance: Collection
and transfer facilities should develop and maintain
an effective system for cost and performance
reporting. Each collection crew should complete a
daily report containing the following information:
• Total quantity hauled. Total distance and travel times to
and from the disposal site.
• Amounts delivered to each disposal, transfer, or
processing facility.
• Waiting time at sites, Number of loads hauled etc.