Signals and Systems

Lecture 7
Fourier Series & Spectrum

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 1

Schafer
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
 ANALYSIS via Fourier Series
 For PERIODIC signals: x(t+T0)
= x(t)
T0

ak  T0  x(t )e
0
 j(2 k / T0 )t
dt
1
 SPECTRUM from Fourier Series
 ak is Complex Amplitude for k-th
Harmonic
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 2
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SPECTRUM DIAGRAM
 Recall Complex Amplitude vs.
Freq 10 1 j k
k j / 3  j / 3 ak 2
Ak e
a 7e 7e 
4e  j / 2 a0 4e j / 2

–250 –100 0 100 250

f (in Hz)
N
x(t)  a0  j 2 fk
ak e t  ake  j 2 f kt 
 k
1
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 3
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Harmonic Signal


x(t) k  a
 k e j 2 k f 0 t

PERIOD/FREQUENCY of COMPLEX
EXPONENTIAL:

2  0f   
0  or T0 1
f
T0 0
2
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 4
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Example x(t)  sin 3

(3 t)

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 5

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 x(t)  sin 3

(3 t)

 j  j9 t   3 j  j3 3   j3  j  j9 t

x(t) e  e t e e
 8    j8   
t
  8  8 

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 6

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 Example x(t)  sin 3

j
(3
 3j
 t)
  j9 t   j3 t     j 
j3 t j9 t
x(t) e  3 j e  e e
  8    8   8  
8


In this case, analysis
just
picking
requires
off the
ak
coefficients.

k  1 k
k  3 1 k
3
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 7
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STRATEGY: x(t)  ak
 ANALYSIS
 Get representation from the signal
 Works for PERIODIC Signals
 Fourier Series
 Answer is: an INTEGRAL over one
period
T0

ak  T0  0
x(t)e  j0 k t
dt
1 © 2003, JH McClellan & RW 8
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SQUARE WAVE EXAMPLE

1 0  t 2 1
x(t) 
T0 0 21 T t
  0
for T0 T 0.04
0
sec. x(t)
1

–.02 0 .01 0.04 t

.02
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 9
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 FS for a SQUARE WAVE
{ak}
1  j(2 / T )kt (k 
ak TT0 dt

0
0
0 0)
x(t)e .02
1  j(2  /.04)kt 1 .02
ak .04 1e e  j(2  /.04)kt
dt  .04(  j 0
 0
 1
2 k /.04)
1  (1)k
 j( )k
 (e  1)
( j2 k )  j2k
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 10
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DC Coefficient: a0

1  j(2 / T )kt (k 
ak TT0 dt

0
0
0 0)
x(t)e
1
a0  1
TT x(t)dt T0
(Area)
0
0 0 
.02
1 1
a0 1dt (.02  0)  2
 .04 0
1

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 11

.04 Schafer
Fourier Coefficients ak
 ak is a function of k
 Complex Amplitude for k-th
Harmonic
 This one doesn’t depend on the
period, T0  1 k  1,3,
1  (1)  jk …
k

ak
j2k   0 k  2,4,
 1
… 2

k0
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 12
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Spectrum from Fourier Series
 j k  1,3,
0  2 /(0.04)  2
 k …
(25) 
ak  0
 1 k  2,4,
 2 …

k0

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 13

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Fourier Series Synthesis
 HOW do you APPROXIMATE x(t)
?

a k  T0x(t )e  j(2 / T )k t dt
T0
0

1 0
 Use FINITE number of
coefficients
N
*
ak  when x(t) is
x(t)   ak e j 2 k f 0 t
ak real
k  N © 2003, JH McClellan & RW
Schafer
14
Fourier Series Synthesis

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 15

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Synthesis: 1st & 3rd Harmonics
1 2 2
y(t)  2  cos(2 (25)t  )  2 cos(2 (75)t  2 )
3

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 16

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 Synthesis: up to 7th Harmonic
1 2 2 2 2
y(t)  2  cos(50t  2 )  3 sin(150t)  5 sin(250t)  sin(350t)
7

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 17

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Fourier Synthesis
1 2 2
(t) 2 
xN sin(0 t)  sin(30 t)
… 3

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 18

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Gibbs’ Phenomenon
 Convergence at DISCONTINUITY of
x(t)
 There is always an overshoot
 9% for the Square Wave case

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 19

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Fourier Series Demos

 Fourier Series Java Applet

 Greg Slabaugh
 Interactive

 http://users.ece.gatech.edu/mcclella/2025/Fsdemo_Slabaugh/fo
urier.html

 MATLAB GUI: fseriesdemo

 http://users.ece.gatech.edu/mcclella/matlabGUIs/index.ht
ml
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 20
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fseriesdemo GUI

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 21

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Fourier Series Java Applet

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 22

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 Harmonic Signal (3 Freqs)
a1
a3 a5

T = 0.1

© 2003, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 23

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 FS: Rectified Sine Wave {ak
1
T0
 j(2 / T )kt (k 
}
dt
ak T0 
0

0 1)
Half-Wave Rectified Sine
x(t)e T0 / 2

a k  T0 sin( T t ) e  j(2 /T )kt dt

2
0
0

1 0

T0 / 2
 T10 e j ( 2 / T0 )t  e  j ( 2 / T0 )t e j(2 / T0 )kt
2j dt
 0T / 2 T0 / 2
0

1
 j 2T e j(2 /T )(k 1)tdt 
0
0 1
j 2T 0 e  j(2 /T )(k 1)t dt
0

0 0
T0 / 2 T0 / 2
 j(2 / T0 )(k 1)t
 e  e  j(2 /T0 )(k 1)t
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW 3
j 2T0 (  j(2 / T0 )(k 0 Schafer j2T (  j(2 /T )(k
0 0 0 4
FS: Rectified Sine Wave
{ak}
T0 / 2 T0 / 2

ak e  j (2 / T0 )(k 1)t  e  j (2 / T0 )(k

j 2T 0 ( j ( 2 /T0 )(k 1))
1)t j 2T0 (  j / T0 )(k
 (2 0 1)) 0
1
 e  j (2 /T0 )(k 1)T0 / 2
1     j ( 2 / 0 )(k 1)T0 /


T  2
1
 4 (k 1) e  j ( k
1
1
 j ( k e 1
1) 41)

(k
1
e
1)
 0 4 (k k odd
 
1k 1(k 1)
4(k( 1)
4 k2
  (1) 1 ?j
k 1)

4
k 
 1)
 1
1 1 k
  ( k 2 1)
© 2003, JH McClellan & RW
Schafer
even 3
5