Decision

making in C
Need of decision making

if number is odd
{
/* code */
}

else number is ev
en
{
/* code */
}

2
Decision Making or Conditional Statement
 C program statements are executed sequentially.
 Decision Making statements are used to control the flow of program.
 It allows us to control whether a program segment is executed or not.
 It evaluates condition or logical expression first and based on its result
(either true or false), the control is transferred to particular statement.
 If result is true then it takes one path else it takes another path.

3
Decision Making Statements in C

Decision Making Statements

are
One way Decision: if (Also known as simple if)
Two way Decision: if…else
Multi way Decision: if…else if…else if…else
Two way Decision: ?: (Conditional Operator)
n-way Decision: switch…case

4
Relational Operators
 Relational Operator is used to compare two expressions.
 It gives result either true or false based on relationship of two
expressions.
Math C Meaning Example Result
> > is greater than 5 > 4 true
≥ >= is greater than or equal 5 >= 4 true
to
< < is less than 5 < 4 false
≤ <= is less than or equal to 5 <= 4 false
≠ != is not equal to 5 != 4 true
= == is equal to 5 == 4 false

5


If statement
if
 if is single branch decision making statement.
 If condition is true then only body will be executed.
 if is a keyword. Flowchart of if
Syntax
if(condition)
{ False
// Body of the if
conditio
// true part n
}
True

7
WAP to print Zero if given number is 0

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:0
2 void main() Zero
3 {
4 int a;
5 printf("Enter Number:");
6 scanf("%d",&a);
7 if(a == 0)
8 {
9 printf("Zero");
10 }
11 }

8
WAP to print Positive or Negative Number

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:5
2 void main() Positive Number
3 {
Outpu
4 int a; t
5 printf("Enter Number:"); Enter Number:-5
6 scanf("%d",&a); Negative Number
7 if(a >= 0)
8 {
9 printf("Positive Number")
10 ;
11 }
12 if(a < 0)
13 {
14 printf("Negative Number")
15 ;
}
}
9
Modulus Operator
 % is modulus operator in C
 It divides the value of one expression (number) by the value of another expression
(number), and returns the remainder.
 Syntax: express1 % express2
 E.g.
 7%2 Answer: 1
 6%2 Answer: 0
 25%10 Answer: 5
 37%28 Answer: 9

10
WAP to print Odd or Even Number

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:12
2 void main() Even Number
3 {
Outpu
4 int a; t
5 printf("Enter Number:"); Enter Number:11
6 scanf("%d",&a); Odd Number
7 if(a%2 == 0)
8 {
9 printf("Even Number");
10 }
11 if(a%2 != 0)
12 {
13 printf("Odd Number");
14 }
15 }

11


If..else statement
if...else
 if…else is two branch decision making statement
 If condition is true then true part will be executed else false part will be
executed
 else is keyword Flowchart of if…
Syntax else
if(condition)
{ True conditio False
// true part
} n
else
{
// false part … …
}

13
WAP to print Positive or Negative Number using if…
else
Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:5
2 void main() Positive Number
3 {
Outpu
4 int a; t
5 printf("Enter Number:"); Enter Number:-5
6 scanf("%d",&a); Negative Number
7 if(a >= 0)
8 {
9 printf("Positive Number")
10 ;
11 }
12 else
13 {
14 printf("Negative Number")
15 ;
}
}
14
WAP to print Odd or Even Number using if…else

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:12
2 void main() Even Number
3 {
Outpu
4 int a; t
5 printf("Enter Number:"); Enter Number:11
6 scanf("%d",&a); Odd Number
7 if(a%2 == 0)
8 {
9 printf("Even Number");
10 }
11 else
12 {
13 printf("Odd Number");
14 }
15 }

15
WAP to find largest number from given 2 numbers using if

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Two Numbers:4
2 void main() 5
3 { 5 is largest
4 int a, b;
5 printf("Enter Two Numbers:");
6 scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
7 if(a > b)
8 {
9 printf("%d is largest", a
10 );
11 }
12 if(a < b)
13 {
14 printf("%d is largest",
15 b);
}
}
16
WAP to find largest number from given 2 numbers using if…else

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Two Numbers:4
2 void main() 5
3 { 5 is largest
4 int a, b;
5 printf("Enter Two Numbers:");
6 scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
7 if(a > b)
8 {
9 printf("%d is largest", a
10 );
11 }
12 else
13 {
14 printf("%d is largest",
15 b);
}
}
17
{ }
 If body of if contains only one statement then { } are not compulsory
 But if body of if contains more than one statements then { } are
compulsory

if(a >= b) Both if(a >= b)

{ printf("%d is largest",
are
printf("%d is largest", a a);
); same
}

18


If…else if…else if…else

Ladder if
If…else if…else if…else
 if…else if…else if…else is multi branch decision making statement.
 If first if condition is true then remaining if conditions will not be
evaluated.
 If first if condition is false then second if condition will be evaluated
and if it is true then remaining if conditions will not be evaluated.
 if…else if…else if…else is also known as if…else if ladder
Syntax
if(condition-1)
statement-1;
else if(condition-2)
statement-2;
else
statement-3;

20
if…else if…else ladder flowchart

conditio False
n1

True conditio False

n2
… True Conditio False
n3
… True

… …

21
WAP to print Zero, Positive or Negative Number

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:5
2 void main() Positive Number
3 {
Outpu
4 int a; t
5 printf("Enter Number:"); Enter Number:-5
6 scanf("%d",&a); Negative Number
7 if(a > 0)
8 printf("Positive Number")
9 ;
10 else if(a==0)
11 printf("Zero");
12 else
13 printf("Negative Number")
;
}

22


Nested if
Nested if
 If condition-1 is true then condition-2 is evaluated. If it is true then
statement-1 will be executed.
 If condition-1 is false then statement-3 will be executed.
Syntax
if(condition-1)
{
if(condition-2)
{
statement-1;
}
else
{
statement-2;
}
}
else
{
statement-3;
}

24
Nested if flowchart

False conditio True

n1

Statemen conditio False

t3 n2

True
Statemen Statemen
t1 t2

Next
Statemen
t
25
WAP to print maximum from given three numbers
Program
1 void main(){ Outpu
2 int a, b, c; t
3 printf("Enter Three Numbers:" Enter Three Numbers:7
4 ); 5
5 scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c); 9
6 if(a>b) 9 is max
7 {
8 if(a>c)
9 printf("%d is max",a);
10 else
11 printf("%d is max",c);
12 }
13 else
14 {
15 if(b>c)
16 printf("%d is max",b);
17 else
18 printf("%d is max",c);
19 }
} 26


Conditional Operator
 ? : (Conditional Operator)
 The conditional works operator is similar to the if-else.
 It is also known as a ternary operator.
 It returns first value of expression (before colon(:)) if expression is true
and second value of expression if expression is false.

Fals
Tru e
e
variable = Expression1 ? Expression2 : Express
ion3 Result
value Result
value

28
Conditional operator flowchart
 Here, Expression1 is the condition to
be evaluated.
True Expressio False
n1
 If the condition(Expression1) is True
then Expression2 will be executed
and the result will be returned.
Expressio Expressio  Otherwise, if condition(Expression1)
n2 n3
is false then Expression3 will be
executed and the result will be
Variable
returned.

29
WAP to find largest number from given 2 numbers using ? :

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Two Numbers:4
2 void main() 5
3 { 5 is largest
4 int a, b, max;
5 printf("Enter Two Numbers:");
6 scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
7 max = a>b?a:b;
8 printf("%d is largest",max);
9 }

30


switch…case
switch...case
 The switch statement allows to execute one code block among many
alternatives.
 It works similar to if...else..if ladder.
Syntax  The expression is evaluated once
switch (expression) and compared with the values of
{
​ each case.
case constant1:
// statements  If there is a match, the
break; corresponding statements after the
case constant2: matching case are executed.
// statements
break;  If there is no match, the default
. statements are executed.
.
.  If we do not use break, all
default: statements after the matching label
// default statements are executed.
}
 The default clause inside the
32
WAP that asks day number and prints day name using switch…
case
void main(){ case 7:
int day; printf("Saturday");
printf("Enter day number(1-7):"); break;
scanf("%d",&day); default:
switch(day) printf("Wrong input");
{ break;
case 1: }
printf("Sunday"); }
break;
case 2:
printf("Monday");
break;
case 3: Outpu
printf("Tuesday"); t
break; Enter day number(1-7):5
case 4: Thursday
printf("Wednesday");
break;
case 5:
printf("Thursday");
break;
case 6:
printf("Friday");
break;

33
Looping
Life is all about Repetition.
We do same thing everyday
What is loop?
 Loop is used to execute the block of code several times according to the
condition given in the loop. It means it executes the same code multiple
times.
“Hello” 5

Outpu
t
printf("Hello\n"); Hello
printf("Hello\n"); Hello loop(condition)
{
printf("Hello\n"); Hello //
printf("Hello\n"); Hello statements
}
printf("Hello\n"); Hello

36
if v/s while

v/
Flowchart of if s Flowchart of while

conditio False conditio False

n n
True True

… …

37
Looping or Iterative Statements in C
Looping Statements are
Entry Controlled Loop: while,
for
Exit Controlled Loop: do…while
Virtual Loop: goto

38


While loop
While Loop
 while is an entry controlled loop
 Statements inside the body of while are repeatedly executed till the
condition is true
 while is keyword
Synta
x
while(condition)
{
// Body of the while
// true part
}

40
WAP to print 1 to n(while loop)

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter n:10
2 void main() 1
3 { 2
4 int i,n; 3
5 i=1; 4
6 printf("Enter n:"); 5
7 scanf("%d",&n); 6
8 while(i<=n) 7
9 { 8
10 printf("%d\n",i); 9
11 i=i+1; 10
12 }
13 }

41
WAP to print multiplication table(while loop)

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter n for multiplication
2 void main() table:5
3 { 5 * 1 = 5
5 * 2 = 10
4 int i=1,n;
5 * 3 = 15
5 printf("Enter n for multiplication table:") 5 * 4 = 20
6 ; 5 * 5 = 25
7 scanf("%d",&n); 5 * 6 = 30
8 while(i<=10) 5 * 7 = 35
9 { 5 * 8 = 40
10 printf("%d * %d = %d\n",n,i,n*i); 5 * 9 = 45
11 i=i+1; 5 * 10 = 50
12 }
}

43
WAP to Sum of 5 numbers entered by user(while
loop)
Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter a number=10
2 void main() Enter a number=20
3 { Enter a number=30
Enter a number=40
4 int sum=0, i=1,n;
Enter a number=50
5 while(i<=5) Sum is=150
6 {
7 printf("Enter a number=");
8 scanf("%d",&n);
9 sum=sum+n;
10 i=i+1;
11 }
12 printf("Sum is=%d",sum);
13 }

44
How to build logic? Step-1
Step 1: Understand the problem statement
 e.g. Write a program to find factors of a number.
 Run following questions through mind
 What is the factor of a number?
 Factor is a number that divides another number evenly with no remainder.
 For example, 1,2,3,4,6,12 are factors of 12.
 How many variables needed? What should be their data
types?(Inputs/Outputs)
 To get number from user we need variable n.
 Now we need to divide n with 1,2,3,...,n. For this we will declare a loop variable i initialized
as 1.
 Both variables should be of integer data type.
 What control structure you require?
 First we need a loop to divide n by 1,2,3,…,n, loop will start from 1 and ends at n.
 Inside loop we need if structure to check n%i==0 (Number n is evenly divisible by i or
not).
46
How to build logic? Step-2
Step 2: Think for 1 or 2 examples
 Consider n=6, now take i=1
 6%1==0, TRUE; So, 1 is factor of 6
 6%2==0, TRUE; So, 2 is factor of 6
 6%3==0, TRUE; So, 3 is factor of 6
 6%4==2, FALSE; S0, 4 is not factor of 6
 6%5==1, FALSE; S0, 5 is not factor of 6
 6%6==0, TRUE; S0, 6 is factor of 6
 From this we can infer that loop variable i starts with 1 and
incremented by one for next iteration then ends at value n.
 Consider n=10, factors are 1,2,5,10
 Consider n=11, factor is 1,11
 From this we can infer that 1 and number itself are always factors of any
number n.

47
How to build logic? Step-3
Step 3: Draw flowchart/steps on paper or in mind
Start
Steps
i=1 Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables n,i
read n Step 3: Initialize variable

i ← 1
i<=n Step 4: Read value of n
True ? False Step 5: Repeat the steps until i
= n
n
5.1: if n%i == 0
True %i==0? False Display i
print i 5.2: i=i+1
Step 7: Stop

i=i+1
Stop
48
How to build logic? Step-4
Step 4: Writing Pseudo-code
 Pseudo-code is an informal way to express the design of a computer
program or an algorithm.
 It does not require any strict programming language syntax.

Pseudo-
code
Initialize i=1 integer
Declare n as integer
Input n
while i<n
if n%i
print i
end if
increment i=i+1
end while

49
WAP to find factors of a number(while loop)

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter n to find factors=12
2 void main() 1,2,3,4,6,12,
3 {
4 int i=1,n;
5 printf("Enter n to find factors=");
6 scanf("%d",&n);
7 while(i<=n)
8 {
9 if(n%i==0)
10 printf("%d,",i);
11 i=i+1;
12 }
13 }

50
WAP to print reverse a number(while loop)

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter a number=1234
2 void main() 4321
3 {
4 int n;
5 printf("Enter a number=");
6 scanf("%d",&n);
7 while(n!=0)
8 {
9 printf("%d",n%10);
10 n=n/10;
11 }
12 }

51
WAP to check given number is prime or not(while
loop)
1 void main()
2 { Outpu
3 int n, i=2,flag=0; t
4 printf("Enter a number:"); Enter a number:7
5 scanf("%d",&n); 7 is a prime number
6 while(i<=n/2)
7 { Outpu
8 if(n%i==0) t
9 { Enter a number:9
9 is not a prime number
10 flag=1;
11 break;
12 }
13 i++;
14 }
15 if (flag==0)
16 printf("%d is a prime number",n);
17 else
18 printf("%d is not a prime number",n);
19 }

52


for loop
for Loop
 for is an entry controlled loop
 Statements inside the body of for are repeatedly executed till the
condition is true
Synta
 for is keyword x
for (initialization; condition; updateStatement)
{
// statements
}

 The initialization statement is executed only once.

 Then, the condition is evaluated. If the condition is false, the for loop is
terminated.
 If the condition is true, statements inside the body of for loop are
executed, and the update statement is updated.
 Again the condition is evaluated.
54
WAP to print numbers 1 to n (for loop)

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter a number:5
2 void main() 1
3 { 2
4 int i,n; 3
5 printf("Enter a number:"); 4
6 scanf("%d",&n); 5
7 for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
8 {
9 printf("%d\n",i);
10 }
11 }

55
WAP to find factors of a number (for loop)

Outpu
Program
t
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter n to find factors=12
2 void main() 1,2,3,4,6,12,
3 {
4 int i,n;
5 printf("Enter n to find factors=");
6 scanf("%d",&n);
7 for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
8 {
9 if(n%i==0)
10 printf("%d,",i);
11 }
12 }

56


do while loop
do while Loop
 do while is an exit controlled loop.
 Statements inside the body of do while are repeatedly executed till the
condition is true.
 Do and while are keywords. Synta
x
do
{
// statement
}
while (condition);

 Loop body will be executed first, and then condition is checked.

 If the condition is true, the body of the loop is executed again and the
condition is evaluated.
 This process goes on until the condition becomes false.
 If the condition is false, the loop ends.
58
WAP to print Odd numbers between 1 to n(do while loop)

Outpu
Program
t
1 void main() Enter a number:5
2 { 1,3,5
3 int i=1,n;
4 printf("Enter a number:");
5 scanf("%d",&n);
6 do
7 {
8 if(i%2!=0)
9 {
10 printf("%d,",i);
11 }
12 i=i+1;
13 }
14 while(i<=n);
15 }

59
WAP to find factors of a number(do while loop)

Outpu
Program
t
1 void main() Enter a number:6
2 { 1,2,3,6,
3 int i=1,n;
4 printf("Enter a number:");
5 scanf("%d",&n);
6 do
7 {
8 if(n%i==0)
9 {
10 printf("%d,",i);
11 }
12 i=i+1;
13 }
14 while(i<=n);
15 }

60
WAP to print reverse a number(do while loop)

Outpu
Program
t
1 void main() Enter a number=1234
2 { 4321
3 int n;
4 printf("Enter a number:");
5 scanf("%d",&n);
6 do
7 {
8 printf("%d",n%10);
9 n=n/10;
10 }
11 while(n!=0);
12 }

61


goto statement
goto Statement
 goto is an virtual loop
 The goto statement allows us to transfer control of the program to the
specified label.
 goto is keyword
Synta Synta
x x
goto label label:
; .
. .
. .
. goto label
label: ;
 The label is an identifier. When the goto statement is encountered, the
control of the program jumps to label: and starts executing the code.

63
WAP to print Odd numbers between 1 to n(goto)

Outpu
Program
t
1 void main() Enter a number:5
2 { 1,3,5
3 int i=1,n;
4 printf("Enter a number:");
5 scanf("%d",&n);
6 odd:
7 if(i%2!=0)
8 {
9 printf("%d,",i);
10 }
11 i=i+1;
12 if(i<=n)
13 {
14 goto odd;
15 }
16 }

64
WAP to find factors of a number(goto)

Outpu
Program
t
1 void main() Enter a number:6
2 { 1,2,3,6,
3 int i=1,n;
4 printf("Enter a number:");
5 scanf("%d",&n);
6 odd:
7 if(n%i==0)
8 {
9 printf("%d,",i);
10 }
11 i=i+1;
12 if(i<=n)
13 {
14 goto odd;
15 }
16 }

65
Types of loops
Entry Control Entry Control Virtual
Exit Control Loop
Loop Loop Loop
int i=1; int i; int i=1; int i=1;
while(i<=10) for(i=1;i<=10;i++) do labelprint:
{ { { printf("%d",i+
printf("%d",i+ printf("%d",i); printf("%d",i+ +);
+); } +); if(i<=10)
} } goto labelprin
while(i<=10); t;

conditio False Loop Statemen

Label
n Body t
True True
Loop conditio conditio
n n
Body False True False
goto

66
 

Pattern
Always detect pattern in pattern
Pattern
There are important points to note in pattern
1. Determine, how many rows?
2. Determine, how many numbers/characters/columns in a row?
3. Determine, Increment/Decrement among the number of rows.
4. Determine, starting in each row

1 1 1 *
11 12 23 * *
111 123 456 * * *
1111 1234 78910 * * * *
11111 12345 * * *
* *
*

68
WAP to print given pattern (nested loop)
* Program
** 1 void main()
*** 2 {
**** 3 int i,j;
***** 4 for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
5 {
No. of rows: 5
6 for(j=1; j<=i; j++)
No. of characters 7 {
Row-1: * 8 printf("*");
Row-2: ** 9 }
Row-3: *** 10 printf("\n");
Row-4: **** 11 }
Row-5: ***** 12 }

Inner loop:
Increment
Outer loop:
Starting:
Increment*

69
WAP to print given pattern (nested loop)
1 Program
12 1 void main()
123 2 {
1234 3 int i,j;
12345 4 for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
5 {
No. of rows: 5
6 for(j=1; j<=i; j++)
No. of values 7 {
Row-1: 1 8 printf("%d",j);
Row-2: 12 9 }
Row-3: 123 10 printf("\n");
Row-4: 1234 11 }
Row-5: 12345 12 }

Inner loop:
Increment
Outer loop:
Starting:
Increment1

70
WAP to print given pattern (nested loop)
5 Program
54 1 void main()
543 2 {
5432 3 int i,j;
54321 4 for(i=5;i>0;i--)
5 {
No. of rows: 5
6 for(j=5; j>=i ; j-
No. of values 7 -)
Row-1: 5 8 {
Row-2: 54 9 printf("%d",j)
Row-3: 543 10 ;
Row-4: 5432 11 }
Row-5: 54321 12 printf("\n");
}
Inner loop: }
Decrement
Outer loop:
Decrement/Incremen
Starting:
t 5
71
WAP to print given pattern (nested loop)
Program
* 1 void main() First we need to print
2 { 4 spaces before
** 3 int i,j,k; printing *
4 for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
*** 5 {
No. of rows: 5 *
6 for(k=5;k>i;k--)
**** 7 { **
No. of values
**** 8 printf(" "); ***
Row-1: ----*
* 9 }
Row-2: ---** ****
Row-3: --*** 10 for(j=1;j<=i;j++) ****
11 { *
Row-4: -**** After printing spaces
Row-5: ***** 12 printf("*");
this inner loop prints
13 }
*
Inner loop: Decrement 14 printf("\n");
Outer loop: 15 }
Decrement/Increment 16 }
Starting: -(space)
Ending: *
72


Thank you