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Lecture 6

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Coordinate Systems Continued

Lecture 6_ Electromagnetic Field Theory (18B11EC312)


Presented By:
Dr. Raghvenda Kumar Singh
Assistant Professor (Senior Grade)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 1
Del Operator

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Gradient of a Scalar
• The gradient of a scalar field V is a vector that represents
both the magnitude and the direction of the maximum space
rate of increase of V.
• For Cartesian Coordinates

• For Cylindrical Coordinates

• For Spherical Coordinates

3
Properties of Gradient
1. The magnitude of grad V equals the maximum rate of change
in V per unit distance.
2. It point in the direction of maximum rate of change in V.
3. Gradient of V (grad V) at any point is perpendicular to
constant V surface that passes through that point.

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Divergence of a Vector
• The divergence of A at a given
point P is the outward flux per unit
volume as the volume shrinks
about P. Hence,

• Where, Δv is the volume enclosed


by the closed surface S in which P
is located.

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Physical Significance of Divergence
of a Vector

Source point Sink point Neither source nor


sink point

Fig. Illustration of the divergence of a vector field at P (a) positive


divergence, (b) negative divergence, and (c) zero divergence.

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• For Cartesian Coordinates

• For Cylindrical Coordinates

• For Spherical Coordinates

Properties of the divergence of a vector field:

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Curl of a Vector
• The curl of A is an axial (or rotational)
vector whose magnitude is the maximum
circulation of A per unit area as the area
tends to zero and whose direction is the
normal direction of the area when the area
is oriented so as to make the circulation
maximum.

• Where, the area ΔS is bounded by the


curve L and an is the unit vector normal to
the surface ΔS and is determined using
right-hand rule.

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Fig. Physical Significance of Curl
of a Vector: Illustration of a curl (a)
curl at P points out of the page, (b)
curl at P is zero.

• For Cartesian Coordinates

• For Cylindrical Coordinates

• For Spherical Coordinates

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Properties of the curl of a vector field:

1.The curl of a vector field is another vector field.


2.The curl of a scalar field V, makes no sense.
3.The divergence of the curl of a vector field vanishes, that is,

4.The curl of the gradient of a scalar field vanishes, that is,

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Divergence Theorem

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Stokes’ Theorem
The Stokes’ theorem states that the circulation of a vector field A
around a closed path L is equal to the surface integral of curl of A
over the open surface S bounded by L.

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• A vector field A is said to be solenoidal (or divergenceless) if
div A = 0. Such a field has neither source nor sink of flux.
Hence, flux lines of A entering any closed surface must also
leave it.

• Example: magnetic field.

• A vector field A is said to be irrotational if curl A = 0.

• Thus in an irrotational field A, the circulation of A around a


closed path is zero. This implies that the line integral of A is
independent of closed path. Therefore, an irrotational field is
also known as a conservative field.
• Example: electrostatic field.
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Laplacian of a Scalar
• The Laplacian of a scalar field V is defined as the divergence of
the gradient of V.
• For Cartesian Coordinates

• For Cylindrical Coordinates

• For Spherical Coordinates

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• A scalar field V is said to be harmonic in a given region if its
Laplacian vanishes in that region. In other words, if
is satisfied in the region, the solution of V will be harmonic (it
is of the form sine and cosine).
• is called Laplace’s equations.

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