Chemical Process

Principles-II
CH237 (3CH)
Introduction of the instructor
Muhammad Ahsan
Waseem
Masters in Chemical Engineering
Karlstad University, Sweden.
E-mail: [email protected]
Office: E010, DCE
Mobile : 0331-6508286
CPP-II (An introduction)
As an engineer designing a process, one of your
principle jobs would be to account carefully for the
energy that flows into and out of each process
unit and determine the overall energy
requirement for the process.
This can be done by writing energy balances on
the process, in much the same way we wrote
material balances to account for the mass flows to
and from the system.
CPP-II (An introduction)
 How much power (energy/time) is required to pump
1250 m3/hr of water from a storage vessel to a process
unit? (the answer determined the size of the required
pump motor).
 How much energy is required to convert 2000 kg of
water at 30OC to steam at 180OC.
A highly exothermic chemical reaction A B takes
place in a continuous reactor. If a 75% conversion of A is
to be achieved, at wat rate must energy be transferred
from the reactor to keep the contents at constant
temperature?
Objectives
 Thiscourse introduces the procedures that are performed for the
calculation of energy balance for open and closed systems.
 Energy balance both with chemical reaction and without
chemical reaction are also studied in this course.
 Students will also study different thermodynamic tables which
will be used for performing energy balance calculations.
 Changes in pressure at constant temperature and phase change
operations are also included in this course.
 Students will learn how to measure and calculate heats of
reaction using Hess’s Law.
Course outlines (As per HEC recommendations)
Concepts of Energy balance.
Balances with reaction: Mass and energy
balances for reacting systems.
Balances for combustion processes.
Efficiency and conversion.
Course outlines (As per HEC recommendations)
Standard states. Temperature dependence.
Heat Effects.
Simultaneous mass and energy balances.
Temperature and pressure dependence.
Balances for condensing systems.
Course contents/Lecture Wise Breakup
 Lecture 01. Forms of energy : The first Law of Thermodynamics
 Lecture 02. Kinetic and Potential
 Lecture 03. Potential function energy
 Lecture 04. Energy balances on closed systems.
 Lecture 05. Energy balances on open systems.
 Lecture 06. Tables of thermodynamics
 Lecture 07. Energy balances procedures
 Lecture 08. Elements of energy balance calculations
 Lecture 09. Changes in pressure at constant temperature
 Lecture 10. Changes in temperature
 Lecture 11. Changes in temperature
 Lecture 12. Phase change operations
 Lecture 13. Phase change operations
 Lecture 14. Mixing and solution
Course contents
 Lecture 16. Heats of reaction
 Lecture 17. Heats of reaction
 Lecture 18. Measurement of calculation of heats of reaction: Hess’s Law
 Lecture 19. Measurement of calculation of heats of reaction: Hess’s Law
 Lecture 20. Measurement of calculation of heats of reaction: Hess’s Law
 Lecture 21. Formation reactions and heat of formation
 Lecture 22. Formation reactions and heat of formation
 Lecture23. Formation reactions and heat of formation
 Lecture 24. Heats of combustion
 Lecture 25. Energy balances on reactive processes
 Lecture 26. Energy balances on reactive processes
 Lecture 27. Problems
 Lecture 28. Problems
 Lecture 29. Problems
 Lecture 30. Problems
 Lecture 31. Problems
 Course Learning outcomes
(CLO)
Students will be able to
CLO-1:Apply the first law of thermodynamics and
general energy balance equation to solve
chemical engineering problems.
CLO-2:Apply general energy balance equation to
solve problems for unit operation processes.
CLO-3:Apply general energy balance equation to
solve problems for unit processes.
 Reference Books
1. Richard M.Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau “Elementary
Principles of chemical processes”, 4th Edition.
2. David M. Himmelbalu, James B.Riggs, “Basic Principles
and calculations in chemical engineering”,8th edition.
MARKS DIVISION
Mid-Term 25 %

Final Term 50 %

Quizzes (2) 5%
Assignments (2) 10%
Presentations (1) 10%
 QUIZZES
2 Quizzes (6 and 14
th th

Week)
2 Assignments(7 and 15
th th

Week)
1 Presentation (15 and
th

th
 Chapter 7

Energy and energy balances

Energy and energy balances
 After completing this chapter, you should be able to do the following
 List and define in your own words the three components of the total energy
of a process system and the two forms of energy transfer between a
system and its surroundings.
 Calculate the kinetic energy of a body of mass m moving with velocity u or
the rate of transport of kinetic energy by a stream moving with mass flow
rate m and velocity u.
 Define the terms close process system, open process system, isothermal
process and adiabatic process. Write the first law of thermodynamics for a
close process system and state the conditions under each of the five terms
in the balance can be neglected.
 Define the terms flow work, shaft work, specific internal energy, specific
volume and specific enthalpy.
Energy Balance

Nomenclature
Constant
Volume
Process
Constant
Pressure
Process
Constant
Temperature
Process
Energy and Energy balances
Forms of energy : The first Law of
Thermodynamics
Kinetic and potential energy
Energy balances on closed systems.
Energy balances on open systems at steady state.
Tables of thermodynamic Data.
Energy balance procedures.
Mechanical energy balance.
Forms of energy : The first Law of thermodynamics
 The total energy of a system has three components
 Kinetic energy
 Energy due to the translational motion of the system.
 Potential energy
 Energy due to the position of the system in a potential field.
 Internal energy
 All
energy possessed by the system other than kinetic and
potential energy, such as energy due to the motion of
molecules relative to the centre of the mass of the system.
Forms of energy : The first Law of Thermodynamics
 Suppose a system is closed, meaning that no mass is transferred
across its boundary while the process is taking place. Energy can
be transferred between such system and its surroundings in two
ways.
 As heat, or energy that flows as a result of temperature
difference between a system and its surroundings.
 Thedirection of flow is always from a higher temperature to a
lower one.
 Heatis defined as positive when it is transferred to the system
from the surroundings.
 As work, or energy that flows in response to any driving force
other than a temperature difference, such as force, torque, or a
voltage.
The first law of thermodynamics
In its most general form, the first law
states that the rate at which energy
(kinetic+potential+internal) is carried
into the system by the input streams,
plus the rate at which it enters as heat,
minus the rate at which it leaves as
work, equals the rate of accumulation of
energy in the system.
Accumulation = input-output
Energy balances on closed systems
A system is termed open or close according to whether or not
the mass crosses the system boundary during the period of time
covered by the energy balance.
A batch process system, is by definition, closed and semi batch
system and continuous systems are open.
 An integral energy balance may be derived for a closed system
between two instants of time. Since energy can neither be
created nor destroyed, the generation and consumption terms of
the general balance drop out
 Accumulation =input-output
 Inderiving the integral balance for a closed system the input
and output terms were neglected for mass balance since no
mass crosses the boundary of the system.
Energy balances on closed systems
 In case of energy balance, such terms cannot be neglected.
 The equation therefore will be
 Final system energy-initial system energy=net energy transferred to the
system (in-out)
 Now
 Initial system energy =Ui +Eki+Epi
 Final system energy =Uf+Ekf+Epf
 Energy transferred=Q-W
 Where the subscripts i and f refer to the initial and final states of the
system and U, Ek, Ep, Q, and W represents internal energy, kinetic energy,
potential energy, heat transferred to the system from its surroundings, and
work done by the system on its surroundings.
Energy balances on closed systems
 Equation 1 then becomes
 (Uf-Ui)+(Ekf-Eki)+(Epf-Epi)=Q-W
 Or, if the symbol ∆ is used to signify (final-initial).
 ∆U+ ∆Ek+ ∆Ep=Q-W
 Theabove equation is the basic form of the first law of
thermodynamics for a closed system.
 When applying this equation to a given process, we
should be aware of the following points.
Energy balances on closed systems
 The internal energy of the system depends almost entirely on the chemical
composition, state of aggregation (solid, liquid or gas). And temperature of
the system materials.
 It is independent of the pressure for ideal gases and nearly independent of
pressure of liquids and solids.
 If no temperature changes, phase changes, or chemical reaction occur in a
closed system and if pressure changes are less than a few atmospheres,
then ∆U=0.
 If a system is not accelerating then ∆Ek=0.
 If a system is not rising or falling then ∆Ep=0
 If the system and surroundings are at the same temperature or the system
is perfectly insulated then Q=0. Then process is termed as adiabatic.
Energy balances on closed systems
 Work done on or by a closed system is accomplished by
movement of the system boundary against a resisting
force or the passage of an electrical current or radiation
across the system boundary.
 Examples of the first type of work are motion of a piston
or rotation of a shaft that projects through the system
boundary.
 Ifthere are no moving parts or electrical currents or
radiation at the system boundary, then W=0.
Energy balance on open systems at steady
state
 An open process system by definition has mass
crossing its boundaries as the process occurs.
Work must be done on the system to push mass
in, and work is done by the system on the
surroundings by mass that emerge. Both work
terms must be included in the energy balance.
In the preceding sections of this topic the
calculation of work required to move fluid through
a continuous process system will be shown.
Energy balance on open systems at steady state
(Flow work and shaft work)
 The net rate of work done by an open system on its
surroundings may be written as
 W=Ws+ Wfl
 Where
 Ws=shaftwork or rate of work done by the process fluid
on a moving part within the system (e.g. a pump rotor)
 Wfl=flow work, or rate of work done by the fluid at the
system outlet minus the rate of work done on the fluid
at the system inlet.
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow work and
shaft work)
 To derive an expression for Wfl, consider the single inlet single
outlet system shown here

 Fluid at a pressure Pin (N/m2) enters a pipe at a

volumetric flow rate Vin (m3/sec) and exits at a pressure
Pout (N/m2) and volumetric flow rate Vout (m3/sec). The
fluid that enters the system has work done on it by the
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow
work and shaft work)

 While the fluid leaving the system performs work on the

surroundings at a rate

 The net rate at which work is done by the system at the

inlet and outlet is therefore

 Ifseveral input and output streams enter and leave the

system, the PV product for each stream must be
summed to determine Wfl.
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow
work and shaft work)
A property that occurs in the energy balance
equation for open systems is the specific
enthalpy, defined as
H=U+PV
Where P is the total pressure and U and V are
specific internal energy and specific volume.
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow
work and shaft work)
 The first law of thermodynamics for an open system at steady
state has the form
 Input = output
 Whydo accumulation, generation, and consumption terms of the
general balance equation vanish???
 Inputhere signifies the total rate of transport of kinetic energy,
potential energy, and internal energy by all process input
streams plus the rate at which energy is transferred in as heat,
and output is the total rate of energy transport by the output
streams plus the rate at which energy is transferred out as work.
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow
work and shaft work)
 If Ej denotes the total rate of energy transport by the jth input or output stream of a
process, Q and W are again defined as the rates of flow of heat into and work out of the
process, then
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow
work and shaft work)
 If mj, Ekj, Epj, and Uj are the flow rates of mass, kinetic energy, potential
energy, and internal energy for the jth process stream, then the total rate
at which energy is transported into and out of the system by this stream is
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow
work and shaft work)
 Where uj is the velocity of the jth stream and zj is the height of this stream relative to a
reference plane at which Ep=0.
 The total work W done by the system on its surroundings equals the shaft work Ws plus
the flow work Wfl.
 If Vj is the volumetric flow rate of the jth stream and Pj is the pressure of this stream as it
crosses the system boundary, then
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow
work and shaft work)
 Substituting
the expression Ej of above equation and that for
Work W into and bringing the PV terms to the left side yields

The above equation could be used for all steady state open
system energy balance problems. As a rule, however Uj+PjVj is
combined and written as Hj, the variable previously defined as
the specific enthalpy. In terms of this variable, the above
equation becomes
Energy balance on open systems at steady state
(Flow work and shaft work)
 Finally let us use the symbol ∆ to denote total output minus total
input, so that
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow work and shaft work)
 In terms of these equations, the above equation
becomes

The above equation states that the net rate at which energy is
transferred to a system as heat and/or shaft work (Q-Ws) equals
the difference between the rates at which the quantity
(enthalpy+ kinetic energy+ potential energy) is transported into
and out of the system (∆H+ ∆Ek+ ∆Ep).
If a process has single a single input stream and a single output
stream and there is no accumulation of mass in the system (so
that min=mout=m).
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow work and
shaft work)
If a specific variable has the same value for all
input and output streams, the corresponding
terms of equation will be
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow
work and shaft work)
 The properties of a process material are either extensive
(proportional to the quantity of the material) or intensive
(independent of the quantity).
 Mass, number of moles, and volume (or mass flow rate,
molar flow rate, and volumetric flow rate for a continuous
stream), and kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal
energy (or the rates of transport of these quantities by a
continuous stream) are extensive properties, while
temperature, pressure, and density are intensive.
A specific property is an intensive quantity obtained by
dividing an extensive property (or its flow rate) by the total
amount (or flow rate) of the process material.
Energy balance on open systems at steady state (Flow
work and shaft work)
 Thus if the volume of a fluid is 200cm3 and the mass of the fluid is 200 g,
the specific volume of the fluid is 1 cm3/g.
 Similarly if the mass flow rate of a stream is 100 kg/min and the volumetric
flow rate is 150 L/min, the specific volume of the stream material is (150
L/min/100 kg/min)=1.5 L/kg.
 If the temperature and pressure of a process material are such that the
specific internal energy of the material U(J/kg), then a mass m (kg) of this
material has a total internal energy
 U(J)=m(kg)U(J/kg)
 Similarly, a continuous stream of this material with a mass flow rate (m
(kg/s) transports internal energy at a rate
 U(J/s)=m(kg/s)U(J/kg)
Pure substance
A substance that has a fixed chemical composition
throughout is called a pure substance. Water, nitrogen,
helium, and carbon dioxide are pure substances.
A pure substance does not have to be of a single
chemical element or compound, however a mixture of
various chemical elements or compounds also qualifies
as a pure substance as long as the mixture is
homogenous.
 Airfor example is a mixture of several gases, but it is
often considered to be a pure substance.
 Since oil not soluble in water, it collects on top of the
Examples of pure fluid and mixed
fluid
Phase change processes of pure substance
There are many practical applications where two
phases of a pure substance coexist in equilibrium.
Water exists as a mixture of liquid and vapour in
the boiler and the condenser of a steam power
plant.
Attention in this section is focused on liquid and
vapour phases and their mixtures.
All pure substances exhibit the same general
behaviour.
Compressed liquid and saturated liquid
 Consider an ideal frictionless piston-cylinder device containing liquid water at 20 0C and 1
atm pressure.
 Under these conditions, water exists in a liquid
phase and it is called as a compressed liquid or a
subcooled liquid.
 That means it is not about to vaporize.
 Heat is now transferred to the water until its
temperature rises, the liquid water expands slightly
and so its specific volume increases. To accommodate
this expansion the piston moves up slightly.
 The pressure in the cylinder remains constant at 1 atm during this process as it depends
on the outside barometric pressure and the weight of the piston, both for which are
constant.
Compressed liquid and saturated liquid
More heat transferred the temperature rises until
it reaches 100OC.
At this point water is still a liquid, but any further
heat addition would cause some of the liquid to
vaporize. A liquid that is about to vaporize is
called a saturated liquid.
Saturated vapor and superheated vapor
Once boiling starts, the temperature stops
rising until the liquid is completely vaporized.
That is, the temperature remains constant
during the entire phase-change process if the
pressure is held constant.
During a boiling process, the only change we
observe is a large increase in the volume and
a steady state decline in the liquid level as a
result of more liquid turning into vapor.
Saturated vapor and superheated vapor
 Midway about the vaporization line, the cylinder contains equal amounts of
liquid and vapor (state 3).
 As we continue transferring heat, the vaporization process continues until
the last drop of the liquid is vaporized (state 4). Any heat loss from this
vapor would cause some of the vapor to condense. A vapor that is about to
condense is known as saturated vapor.
 A substance between state 2 and 4 is referred as saturated liquid-vapor
mixture as both these phases coexist in equilibrium states.
 Once the phase change is complete we are back to a single phase region
again (this time vapor), and further transfer of heat results in an increase in
both the temperature and the specific volume (Figure 4-10).
 At state 5, the temperature of the vapor, the temperature may drop
somewhat but condensation will not takes place as long as the temperature
remains above 100OC (P = 1atm). A vapor that is not about to condense is
called as superheated vapor. This constant pressure phase change
Compressed and saturated liquid
Saturated vapor and superheated
vapor
Saturated vapor and superheated vapor
If the entire process described here is
reversed by cooling the water while
maintaining the pressure at the same
value, the water will go back to state 1,
retracting the same path, and in doing
so, the amount of heat released will
exactly match the amount of heat added
during the heating process.
Saturation temperature and saturation
pressure
The temperature at which water starts boiling
depends on the pressure; therefore, if the
pressure is fixed, so is the boiling temperature.
At a given pressure, the temperature at which a
pure substance changes phase is called the
saturation temperature Tsat. Likewise, at a
given temperature, the pressure at which pure
substance changes phase is called the saturation
pressure Psat.
Latent heat of vaporization and fusion
Latent heat
 It takes a large amount of energy to melt a solid or vaporize a
liquid. The amount of energy absorbed or released during a
phase change process is called the latent heat.
Latent heat of fusion
 The amount of energy absorbed during melting process is called
as latent heat of fusion.
Latent heat of vaporization.
 The amount of energy absorbed during vaporization is called as
latent heat of vaporization.
Property diagrams for phase change
processes
 The variations of properties during phase change are best
studied and understood with the help of property diagrams.
 Figure shows a P-T diagram of pure substance.
 This
diagram is often called as phase diagram since all three
phases are separated from each other by three lines.
 The sublimation line separates the solid and vapour regions.
 The vaporization line separates the liquid and vapour region.
 The melting or fusion line separates the solid and liquid regions.
Phase
Diagram
PT
diagram
of a pure
substanc
e
Definitions
 For a particular pressure, the temperature at which the solid
liquid transition occurs is called the melting point or freezing
point, the temperature at which the liquid-vapour transition
occurs is called the boiling point, and the temperature at which
the solid vapour transition occurs is called the sublimation
point.
 The melting point, boiling point, and the sublimation point all
increase with increase in pressure.
 The melting point and boiling point at atmospheric pressure
specifically are called normal melting point and normal
boiling point.
 Thepressure at which the liquid vapour transition or solid-vapour
transition occurs is called the vapour pressure. Vapour
Definitions
 There is a unique temperature and pressure at which the
solid, liquid, and vapour states can all exists in
equilibrium with each other. This is called triple point.
 There is a unique temperature above which no liquid
phase occurs regardless of pressure. This is called the
critical temperature (Tc).
 Thereis a unique pressure above which no liquid phase
occurs regardless of temperature. this is called critical
pressure (Pc).
A material that is both above the critical pressure and
temperature is called super critical fluid.
PVT behaviour pure substances
A phase is generally considered a liquid if vaporization
results from pressure reduction at constant temperature.
A phase is considered a gas if condensation results from
temperature reduction at constant pressure.
 Theterm gas is used to describe a compound that is
above its critical temperature but below its critical
pressure.
 The term vapour is used for a compound that is below its
critical temperature but above its boiling
temperature.
 Thus a vapour condenses if it is isothermally compressed
Tables of thermodynamic data
 Reference states and state properties
 Itis not possible to know the absolute value of U or H for
a process material, but we can determine the change in
U(∆U) or in H(∆H) corresponding to a specified change of
state (temperature, pressure and phase).
 This may be done, for example, by bringing a known
mass m of substance through the specified change of
state in such a way that all terms of the energy balance
except ∆U (i.e. heat, work, and changes in potential and
kinetic energies) are known.
 Once ∆U(= ∆U/m) has been determined, ∆H for the
Tables of thermodynamic data
A convenient way to tabulated measured changes in U or H is to
choose a temperature, pressure and state of aggregation as a
reference state, and to list ΔU or ΔH for changes from this state
to a series of other states.
 Suppose for example, that the enthalpy changes for carbon
monoxide going from a reference state of OoC and 1 atm to two
other states are measured, with the following results
 CO (g,0OC,1 atm) CO (g,100OC, 1atm) ΔH1=2919 J/mol
 CO(g,0OC,1 atm) CO (g,500OC, 1atm) ΔH2=15,060
J/mol
 SinceΔH cannot be absolutely, for convenience we assign a
value Ho=o to the reference state, then ΔH=H1-0=H1, ΔH2=H2,
Tables of thermodynamic data
 A table may then be constructed for CO at 1 atm
 Phase rule
 Gibbs phase rule was proposed by Josiah Willard Gibbs
 For homogeneous Pure Substance (e.g., an ideal gas),
we need two intensive properties to define its state (for
example, T and P). When two phases are in equilibrium,
the state of the system is fixed when only a single
property is specified. For multiphase system, the
number of independent variables that must be
arbitrarily fixed to establish its intensive state
 The rule applies to non reactive multi component
heterogeneous systems in thermodynamic equilibrium
and is given by the equation

 Phase rule
For a system that contains a pure substance
that is one component the above equation
reduces to
F = 3- π, where
F = number of degree of freedom
N = number of species present in the system
π = number of phases
 Phase rule
 The phase rules are intensive properties, independent of
the extent of the system and of the individual phases.
 The phase rule gives the same information for a large
system as for a small one and for different relative
amounts of the phases.
 The minimum number of degree of freedom for any
system is zero. In which condition?
 Triple point of water?
 All three phases exist 0.01oC (273.15K) and 0.0061 bar.
 Any changes from these conditions can cause at least
one phase to disappear.
 Practice
How many degrees of freedom has each of
the following system?
Liquid water in equilibrium with its vapour?
Liquid water in equilibrium with a mixture of
water vapour and nitrogen?
A liquid solution of alcohol in water in
equilibrium with its vapour?
Steady Flow Engineering Devices
 Many engineering devices operate essentially under the
same conditions for long periods of time. The
components of a steam power plant (turbines,
compressors, heat exchangers, and pumps), for
example, operate nonstop for months before the system
is shut down for maintenance.
 Therefore, these devices can be conveniently analyzed
as steady-flow devices.
Nozzles and Diffusers
 Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet
engines, rockets, spacecraft, and even garden hoses. A
nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid
at the expense of pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a
fluid by slowing it down.
 That is, nozzles and diffusers perform opposite tasks.
 Thecross-sectional area of a nozzle decreases in the
flow direction for subsonic flows and increases for
supersonic flows.
 The reverse is true for diffusers.
Nozzle and Diffusers
 The rate of heat transfer between the fluid flowing through a
nozzle or a diffuser and the surroundings is usually very small
since the fluid has high velocities, and thus it does not spend
enough time in the device for any significant heat transfer to
take place.
 Nozzlesand diffusers typically involve no work and any change
in potential energy is negligible.
 But nozzles and diffusers usually involve very high velocities,
and as a fluid passes through a nozzle or diffuser, it experiences
large changes in its velocity.
 Therefore,the kinetic energy changes must be accounted for in
analyzing the flow through these devices.
Turbines and Compressors
 In steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants, the device that drives the
electric generator is the turbine.
 As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done against the blades,
which are attached to the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the
turbine produces work.
 Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are devices used to increase
the pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to these devices from an external
source through a rotating shaft.
 Therefore, compressors involve work inputs. Even though these three
devices function similarly, they do differ in the tasks they perform.
 A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to mobilize
a gas.
 A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very high pressures.
 Pumps work very much like compressors except that they handle liquids
Turbines and Compressors
 Turbines produce power output whereas compressors, pumps,
and fans require power input. Heat transfer from turbines is
usually negligible since they are typically well insulated.
 Heat transfer is also negligible for compressors unless there is
intentional cooling. Potential energy changes are negligible for all
of these devices.
 The velocities involved in these devices, with the exception of
turbines and fans, are usually too low to cause any significant
change in the kinetic energy.
 Thefluid velocities encountered in most turbines are very high,
and the fluid experiences a significant change in its kinetic energy.
 However, this change is usually very small relative to the change
in enthalpy, and thus it is often disregarded.
Throttling Valves
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting
devices that cause a significant pressure drop in the
fluid.
Some familiar examples are ordinary adjustable
valves, capillary tubes, and porous plugs.
Unlike turbines, they produce a pressure drop without
involving any work.
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied
by a large drop in temperature, and for that reason
throttling devices are commonly used in refrigeration
and air-conditioning applications.
Throttling Valves
 Throttling valves are usually small devices, and the flow through them
may be assumed to be adiabatic.
 Since there is neither sufficient time nor large enough area for any
effective heat transfer to take place. Also, there is no work done and the
change in potential energy, if any, is very small.
 Even though the exit velocity is often considerably higher than the inlet
velocity, in many cases, the increase in kinetic energy
is insignificant.
 Then the conservation of energy equation for this single-stream steady-
flow device reduces to That is, enthalpy values at the inlet and exit of a
throttling valve are the same.
 For this reason, a throttling valve is sometimes called an isenthalpic
device. Note, however, that for throttling devices with large exposed
surface areas such as capillary tubes, heat transfer may be significant.
Heat Exchangers
 As the name implies, heat exchangers are devices where two moving fluid
streams exchange heat without mixing.
 Heat exchangers are widely used in various industries, and they come in
various designs.
 The simplest form of a heat exchanger is a double-tube (also called
tube-and-shell) heat exchanger.
 It is composed of two concentric pipes of different diameters. One fluid flows in
the inner
pipe, and the other in the annular space between the two pipes.
 Heat is transferred from the hot fluid to the cold one through the wall
separating
them. Sometimes the inner tube makes a couple of turns inside the shell to
increase the heat transfer area, and thus the rate of heat transfer.
 The mixing chambers discussed earlier are sometimes classified as direct-
contact
Heat Exchangers
 The conservation of mass principle for a heat exchanger in steady
operation requires that the sum of the inbound mass flow rates equal the
sum of the outbound mass flow rates.
 This principle can also be expressed as follows: Under steady operation, the
mass flow rate of each fluid stream flowing through a heat exchanger
remains constant.
 Heat exchangers typically involve no work interactions and negligible
kinetic and potential energy changes for each fluid stream.
 The heat transfer rate associated with heat exchangers depends on how
the control volume is selected.
 Heat exchangers are intended for heat transfer between two fluids within
the device, and the outer shell is usually well insulated to prevent any heat
loss to the surrounding medium.
Heat Exchangers
 When the entire heat exchanger is selected as the
control volume, Q becomes zero, since the boundary for
this case lies just beneath the insulation and little or no
heat crosses the boundary.
 If,however, only one of the fluids is selected as the
control volume, then heat will cross this boundary as it
flows from one fluid to the other and Q will not be zero.
 Infact, Q in this case will be the rate of heat transfer
between the two fluids.
Heat Exchangers
 The transport of liquids or gases in pipes and ducts is of great
importance in many engineering applications.
 Flow through a pipe or a duct usually satisfies the steady-flow
conditions and thus can be analyzed as a steady flow process.
 This, of course, excludes the transient start-up and shut-down
periods.
 The control volume can be selected to coincide with the interior
surfaces of the portion of the pipe or the duct that we are
interested in analyzing.
 Under normal operating conditions, the amount of heat gained
or lost by the fluid may be very significant, particularly if the
pipe or duct is long.
Heat Exchangers
 Sometimes heat transfer is desirable and is the sole
purpose of the flow. Water flow through the pipes in the
furnace of a power plant, the flow of refrigerant in a
freezer, and the flow in heat exchangers are some
examples of this case.
 Atother times, heat transfer is undesirable, and the
pipes or ducts are insulated to prevent any heat loss or
gain, particularly when the temperature difference
between the flowing fluid and the surroundings is large.
 Heat transfer in this case is negligible.
Heat Exchangers
 If the control volume involves a heating section (electric wires), a fan, or
a pump (shaft), the work interactions should be considered (Fig. 5–43).
 Of these, fan work is usually small and often neglected in energy analysis.
The velocities involved in pipe and duct flow are relatively low, and the
kinetic energy changes are usually insignificant.
 This is particularly true when the pipe or duct diameter is constant and the
heating effects are negligible.
 Kinetic energy changes may be significant, however, for gas flow in ducts
with variable cross-sectional areas especially when the compressibility
effects are significant.
 The potential energy term may also be significant when the fluid undergoes
a considerable elevation change as it flows in a pipe or duct.
Energy balance procedures
A properly drawn and labelled flow chart is essential for the
efficient solution of energy balance problems.
 When labelling the flow chart, be sure to include all of the
information you will need to determine the specific enthalpy of
each stream component. Including known temperatures and
pressures.
 Inaddition show states of aggregation of process materials when
they are not obvious.
 For example do not simply write H2O rather mention in which
state it is i.e. either liquid(l), vapour(v) or solid(s).
Example 7.6-1 Energy balance on a one-component
process (Energy balance procedures)
 Two streams of saturated water are mixed to form the feed to a
boiler. Process data are as follows

 Theexisting stream emerges from the boiler through a 6 cm ID

pipe.
 Calculate the required heat input to the boiler in kilojoules per
minute if the emerging steam is saturated at the boiler pressure.
 Neglect the kinetic energies of the liquid inlet streams.
Energy balance on a one-component process
A first step in solving problems of this sort is to
determine (if possible) the flow rates of all stream
components using material balance.
Determine the specific enthalpies of each stream
component.
Write appropriate from of energy balance and
solve it for the desired quantity.
Evaluate ∆H
Evaluate ∆EK
Mechanical energy balance
 Inchemical process units such as reactors, distillation columns,
evaporators, and heat exchangers, shaft work and kinetic and
potential energy changes tend to be negligible compared with
heat flows and internal energy and enthalpy changes.
 Energy balances on such units therefore usually omit the former
terms and so take the simple form Q=∆U (closed system) or Q=
∆H (open system).
 What if heat flows and internal energy changes are secondary in
importance to kinetic and potential energies and shaft work.
 Accounting for energy flow in such processes is most
conveniently done with mechanical energy balances.
Mechanical energy balance
 The general form of mechanical energy balance can be derived
starting with the open system balance and a second equation
expressing the law of conversation of momentum.
 Thissection presents a simplified from of a single incompressible
liquid flowing into and out of a process system at steady state.
 Consider such a system, letting m be the mass flow rate and V
the specific volume of the liquid. If V is replaced with 1/ρ, where
ρ is the liquid density, then the open system energy balance
may be written as
Mechanical energy balance
 The shaft work Ws is the work done by the fluid on moving
elements in the process line.
 In many cases only slight amount of heats are transferred to or
from the surroundings, there is a little change in the temperature
from inlet to outlet, and no phase changes or reactions occur.
 Even under these circumstances, some kinetic or potential
energy is always converted to thermal energy as a result of
friction due to the movement of the fluid through the system.
 Inconsequence, the quantity (∆U-Q/m) always has a positive
movement, termed the friction loss and given the symbol F.
hence the above mentioned equation will be
Mechanical energy balance

The above equation is referred to as the

mechanical energy balance equation.
It is valid for steady state flow of an
incompressible fluid.
It is important to not that calculation of
frictional losses is not a part of this course.
Mechanical energy balance
Hence a simplified from of mechanical
energy balance is obtained fro frictionless
processes (F=0) in which no shaft work is
performed (Ws=0).

 The above equation is called Bernoulli equation.

Problem 7.10 (Page 342)
 A cylinder with a moveable piston contains 4.00 litres of gas at 30OC and 5.00 bar.
 The piston is slowly moved to compress the gas to 8.00 bar.
 Considering the system to be the gas in the cylinder and neglecting ∆E P, write and simplify
the closed system energy balance.
 Do not assume that the process is isothermal in this part.
 Suppose now that the process is carried out isothermally, and the compression work done
on the gas equals 7.65 L.bar.
 If the gas is ideal so that U is a function of only T, how much heat (in joules) is transferred
to or from (state which) the surrounding?
 Use the gas constant table in the back of the book to determine the factor needed to
convert L.bar to joules).
 Suppose instead that the process is adiabatic and that U increases as T increases.
 Is the final system temperature greater than, equal to, or less than 30OC? (briefly state
your reasoning).
Problem 7.11 (Page 342)
A piston fitted cylinder with a 6 cm inner diameter
contains 1.40 g of nitrogen.
The mass of the piston is 4.50 kg, and a 20.00 kg
weight rests on the piston.
The gas temperature is 30OC, and the pressure
outside the cylinder is 1.00 atm.
Prove that the absolute pressure of the gas in the
cylinder is 1.86x105 Pa.
Then calculate the volume occupied by the gas,
assuming ideal gas behaviour.
Problem 7.11 (Page 342)
 Suppose the weight is abruptly lifted and the piston rises to a
new equilibrium position.
 Further suppose that the process takes place in two steps.
A rapid step in which a negligible amount of heat is exchanged
with the surrounding, followed by a slow step in which the gas
returns to 30OC.
 Considering the gas as the system, write the energy balances for
step 1, step 2 and overall process.
 In all cases, neglect ∆EK and ∆EP.
 If U varies proportionally with T, does the gas temperature
increases or decrease in step 1?
Problem 9.2.2 Himmelbalu, 8th Edition Page
550
A gas is contained in a horizontal piston-cylinder
apparatus at a pressure of 350 kPa and a volume
of 0.02m3.
Determine the work done by the piston on the gas
if the cylinder volume is increased to 0.15m3
through heating.
Assume the pressure of the gas remains constant
throughout the process and the process is ideal.
Problem 7.16
 A horizontal cylinder equipped with a frictionless piston contains 785cm 3 of
steam at 400 K and 125 kPa. A total of 83.3 joules of heat is transferred to the
steam, causing the steam temperature to rise and the cylinder volume to
increase.
 A constant restraining force is maintained on the piston thought the
expansion, so that the pressure exerted by the piston on the steam remains
constant.
 The specific enthalpy of the steam at 125 kPa varies with temperature
approximately as
 H (J/mol)= 34,980 + 35.5 T (K)
 Prove that Q=∆H for this process.
 Prove that the final steam temperature is 480K.
 Calculate, the final volume cylinder
 The expansion work done by the steam and
Example 7.5-3 page 329 (felder)
Steam at 10 bar with 370OC of superheat is
fed to a turbine at a rate m=2000 kg/hr.
The turbine operation is adiabatic, and the
effluent is saturated steam at 1 bar.
Calculate the work output of the turbine in
kilowatts, neglecting kinetic and potential
energy changes.
Example 7.6-2 Energy balance on a two
component process
A gas stream containing 60.0 wt% ethane
and 40.0% n-butane is to be heated from 150
K to 250 K at a pressure of 5 bar.
Calculate the required heat input per
kilogram of the mixture, neglecting potential
and kinetic energy changes, using tabulated
enthalpy data for C2H6 and C4H10 and
assuming ideal gas behaviour.
Example 7.6-3 Simultaneous material and
energy balance
 Saturated steam at 1 atm is discharged from a turbine
at a rate of 1150 kg/hr.
 Superheated steam at 300 OC and 1 atm is needed as a
feed to a heat exchanger to produce it, the turbine
discharge stream is mixed with super heat steam
available from a second source at 400 OC and 1 atm.
 The mixing unit operates adiabatically.
 Calculatethe amount of superheated steam at 300 OC
produced and the required volumetric flow rate of the
400OC steam.
Example 7.4-2 page 324 (felder)
 Five hundred kilograms per hour of steam drives a
turbine.
 The steam enters the turbine at 44 atm and 450 OC at a
linear velocity of 60 m/sec and leaves at a point 5 m
below the turbine at atmospheric pressure and a
velocity of 360 m/sec.
 The turbine delivers shaft work at a rate of 70 kW, and
the heat loss from the turbine is estimated to be 10 4
kcal/h.
 Calculatethe specific enthalpy change associated with
this process.
Problem 7.22 (Page 345)
Steam at 250OC and 10 bar absolute is expanded
through a nozzle to 100OC.
Negligible heat is transferred from the nozzle to its
surroundings.
The approach velocity of the steam is negligible.
Calculate the exit steam velocity.
Problem 7.28 (Page 346)
Saturated steam at a gauge pressure of 2.0 bar is
to be used to heat a stream of ethane.
The ethane enters a heat exchanger at 16 OC and
1.5 bar gauge at a rate of 795 m3/min and is
heated at constant pressure to 93OC.
The steam condenses and leaves the exchanger
as a liquid at 27OC.
The specific enthalpy of ethane at a given
pressure is 941 KJ/kg at 16OC and 1073 KJ/kg at
93OC.
Problem 7.28 (Page 346)
How much energy (kW) must be
transferred to the ethane to heat it
from 16OC to 93OC.
Assuming that all the energy
transferred from the steam goes to
heat the ethane, at what rate in m3/s
must steam be supplied to the
exchanger?
Problem 7.29 (Page 347)
Superheated steam at 40 bar absolute
and 500OC flows at a rate of 250 kg/min to
an adiabatic turbine, where it expands as
super heated steam to 5 bar.
The turbine develops 1500 kW.
From the turbine the steam flows to a
heater, where it is reheated isobarically to
its initial temperature.

Problem 7.29 (Page 347)
Write an energy balance on the turbine and use it
to determine the outlet stream temperature.
Write an energy balance on the heater and use it to
determine the required output (kW) to the steam.
Verify that an overall energy balance on the two
unit process is satisfied.
Suppose the turbine inlet and outlet pipes both
have diameters of 0.5 m.
Show that it is reasonable to neglect the change in
kinetic energy for this unit.
Problem 7.5 (Page 341)
Air at 300OC and 130 kPa flows through a
horizontal 7-cm ID pipe at a velocity of
42.0 m/sec.
Calculate Ek(W), assuming ideal gas
behaviour.
If the air is heated to 400OC at constant
pressure, what is ∆Ek= Ek(400OC)-
Ek(300OC).
Problem 7.7 (Page 341)
Methane enters a 3-cm ID pipe at 30OC and 10 bar
with an average velocity of 5.00 m/sec and
emerges at a point 200 m lower than the inlet at
30OC and 9 bar.
Without doing any calculations, predict the sign
(+or -) of ∆Ek and ∆Ep, where ∆ signifies (outlet-
Inlet). Briefly explain your reasoning.
Calculate ∆EK and ∆Ep (W), assuming that the
methane behaves as ideal gas.
Example 7.7-3 Hydraulic power generation
Water flows from an elevated reservoir
through a conduit reservoir to a turbine at a
lower level and out of the turbine through a
familiar conduit.
At a point 100 m above the turbine the
pressure is 207 kPa, and at point 3 m below
the turbine the pressure is 124 kPa.
What must the water flow rate be if the
turbine output is 1.00 MW.
Problem 7.55 (Page 355)
 Water is to be pumped from a lake to a ranger station on
the side of mountain.
 The flow rate is to be 95 gal/min, and the flow channel is
a standard 1 inch. Schedule 40 steel pipe (ID=1.049 in).
A pump capable of delivering 8 hp (=-Ws) is available.
 The friction loss F (ft. lbf/lbm) equals 0.041 L, where (ft) is
the length of the pipe.
 Calculatethe maximum elevation, z, of the ranger
station above the lake if the pipe rises at an angle of
30O.
 Chapter 8
Energy Balances on non reactive processes
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes
3rd Edition by Felder and Rousseau
 Contents of chapter 8
 Elements of energy balance calculations
 Changes in pressure at constant Temperature
 Changes in Temperature at constant Pressure

 Phase Change operations at constant

temperature and pressure
 Mixing and Solution
Introduction
 InChapter 7, we dealt only processes involving species
for which specific enthalpies and internal energies at
specified conditions could be found in tables.
 Unfortunatelywe cannot count on finding such data for
every species with which we work.
 Thischapter presents procedure for evaluating ∆H and
∆U when tables for H and U are not available for all
process species.
 Oncethese calculation are performed, energy balance
may be written and solve as before.
Elements of energy balance calculations
 In this chapter we outline a procedure for solving energy balance
problems that will be applied to both non reactive processes and
reactive processes (chapter 9).
 The first section of this chapter reviews the concept of a
reference state for specific internal energy and enthalpy
calculations .
 The second section reviews the fact that U and H are state
properties, so that the values of ∆U or ∆H calculated for a
process independent of the reference state chosen for
calculations of Ui and Hi.
 The next section outlines a procedure for organizing energy
balance calculations and presents an extended illustrative
example.
Elements of energy balance calculations
 The reminder of this chapter presents formulas and
methods for calculating ∆U and ∆H for the processes
that involve
 heating
 Cooling
 Decomposition
 Phase changes
 Mixing of liquids
 Dissolving of gases and solids in liquids.
Reference state- a review
 The reference state for water is chosen at the triple point (H2O
(0.010C, 0.00611 bar) at which U is defined to be zero.
 According to steam table the value of U at 400OC and 10.0 bar is
2958 kJ/kg.
 This value does not give us the absolute value of U at the given
conditions, rather it is relative to water at the reference state or

 Relative to water at the same reference state, the specific

enthalpy of water vapour at 400OC and 10 bar can be calculated
by using the formula H=U+PV
Hypothetical process paths
 In this chapter we will learn that how to calculate the internal
energy and enthalpy changes associated with certain processes,
specifically,
 Changes in P at constant T and state of aggregation.
 Compressing hydrogen gas from 1 atm to 300 atm at
25OC.
 Changes in T at constant P and state of aggregation.
 Phase changes at constant T and P (melting, solidifying,
vaporizing, condensing, sublimating).
 Melting ice at 0OC and then heating the liquid water to
30OC all at 1 atm is a type 3 process followed by type 2
process.
Hypothetical process paths
Mixing of two liquids or dissolving of a
gas or a solid in a liquid at constant T
and P.
Mixing sulphuric acid and water at a
constant temperature of 20OC and at
a constant pressure of 1 atm.
Chemical reaction at constant T and P.
(Chapter 9)
Hypothetical process paths
 Once we know how to calculate ∆U and ∆H for these five type of
processes, we can calculate these quantities for any process by
taking advantage of the fact that U and H are state properties.
 The procedure if to construct a hypothetical process path from
the initial state to the final state consisting of a series of steps of
the given five types.
 We calculate ∆H for each of the step and add the ∆H’s for the
steps to calculate ∆H for the total process.
 Since H is a state property, ∆H calculated for the hypothetical
process path which we constructed for convenience is the same
as ∆H for the path actually followed by the process.
Hypothetical process paths
 In order to understand let us take an example of where we wish to calculate
∆H for a process in which solid phenol at 25OC and 1 atm is converted to
phenol vapour at 300OC and 3 atm.
 If we had a table of enthalpies for phenol, we could simply subtract H at
initial state and H at the final state.

 Since we don not have such table, we would then construct a hypothetical
process path from the solid at 25OC and 1 atm to vapour at 300OC and 3
atm.
 Table B.1 gives enthalpy changes for the melting of phenol at 1 atm and
42.5OC (normal boiling point of phenol).
Hypothetical process paths
 And the vaporization of phenol at 1 atm and 181.4OC (the normal
boiling point of phenol).
 We therefore choose a the following hypothetical process paths.
Hypothetical process paths
 Note that in this path, the first, third and fifth steps are Type 2 (changes in
T at constant P).
 The second and fourth steps are type 3 (changes in phase at constant T
and P).
 The sixth step Type 1 (changes in P at constant T).
 Phase changes were made to occur at the conditions for which tabulated
enthalpy changes are available.
 The next step would be to determine the values for ∆H for steps 1,3,5 and
6 using methods which will be discussed later in this chapter.
 Read the values of ∆H2 and ∆H4 from table B.1.
 Then add all the enthalpies to calculate the total enthalpy of the system.
Procedure for energy balance calculations
 Perform all required material balance calculations.
 Write the appropriate form of energy balance (closed or open
system) and delete any of the terms that are either zero or
negligible for the given process.
 Choose a reference state-phase, temperature, and pressure for
each species involved in the process.
 For a closed constant volume i.e. isochoric process construct a
table with columns for initial and final amounts of each species
(mi or ni) and specific internal energies relative to the chosen
reference states (Ui).
 For an open system, construct a table with columns for inlet and
outlet stream component flow rates (mi or ni) and specific
Procedure for energy balance calculations
 Calculate all required values of Ui (or Hi) and insert the
values in the appropriate places in the table.
 Calculate

 Calculate
any work, kinetic energy, or potential energy
terms that you have not dropped from the energy
balance.
 Solve for energy balance for whichever variable is
Changes in pressure at constant
temperature
 It has been observed experimentally that internal energy is
nearly independent of pressure for solids and liquids at fixed
temperature, as is specific volume.
 Therefore, if the pressure of a solid or liquid changes at constant
temperature, we may write
 ∆U=0 and ∆H=[∆U+∆(PV)]=V∆P.
 Both U and H are independent of pressure for ideal gases.
 So we may assume that ∆U=0 and ∆H=0 for a gas undergoing
isothermal pressure change unless gases at temperature well
below 0oc or well above 1 atm.
Changes in temperature
 Sensible heat and heat capacities
 The term sensible heat signifies that heat must be transferred to
raise or lower the temperature of substance or mixture of
substances.
 The quantity of heat required to produce a temperature change
in a system can be determined from the appropriate form of first
law of thermodynamics as
 Q=∆U (close system) and Q=∆H (open system)
 Neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes and work.
 To determine the sensible heat requirement for a heating or
cooling process, we must be able to determine ∆U and ∆H for the
specified temperature change.
Changes in temperature
 The specific internal energy of a substance depends strongly on
temperature.
 If temperature is raised or lowered in such a way that system volume
remains constant, the specific internal energy might vary as shown in
the figure


Changes in temperature
 As ∆T 0 the ratio ∆U/∆T approaches a limiting value.
 This value is defined as heat capacity at constant volume of the
substance, denoted by Cv

 Since the plot of U versus T is not generally a straight line, C v is a

function of temperature.
 The change in U for a temperature rise from T to T+dT at
constant volume is
 dU=Cv(T)dT
Changes in temperature
 And the changes ∆U= U2-U1 associated with a temperature change from T1 to T2 at a
constant volume is


 Now, suppose both the temperature and volume of a substance change.

 To calculate ∆U, we may break the process in two steps.
 A change in V at constant temperature followed by a change in T and constant V.

Changes in temperature
 Changes in temperature
 For enthalpy
Heat capacities formulas
 The heat capacities Cv and Cp are physical properties of materials and are
tabulated in standard references such as Perry’s chemical Engineers
Handbook.
 Heat capacities are functions of temperature and are frequently expressed
in polynomial form (Cp=a+bT+cT2+dT3).
 Values of coefficients are given in Table b.2 of Appendix b for a number of
species at 1 atm.
 Heat capacity equation for acetone is as follows
Energy balance on condenser
 Acetone (denoted as Ac) is partially
condensed out of a gas stream containing
66.9 mole% acetone vapour and the balance
nitrogen.
 Process specifications and material balance
calculations leads to the flow chart shown
below.
 The process operates at steady state.
 Calculate the required cooling rate.
Energy balance on condenser
Example 8.3-1
 Calculatethe heat required to raise 200 kg of nitrous
oxide from 20OC to 150OC in a constant volume vessel.
 Theconstant volume heat capacity of N2O in this
temperature range is given by the equation

 Where T is in OC.
Example 8.3-2
 Assuming ideal gas behaviour, calculate heat
that must be transferred in each of the
following cases.
 A stream of nitrogen flowing at a rate of 100
mol/min is heated from 20OC to 100OC.
 Nitrogen contained in a 5 litre flask at an
initial pressure of 3 bar is cooled from 90OC
to 30OC.
Example 8.3-3
Fifteen kmol/min of air is cooled
from 430 C to 100 C.
O O

Calculate the required heat

removal rate using
Heat capacity formulas and
Specific enthalpies.
Energy balance on single phase systems
 We are now in a position to perform energy balances on process that do not
involve phase changes, mixing steps for which enthalpy changes cannot be
neglected, or chemical reactions.
 If a process only involves heating or cooling a single species from T 1 to T2,
the procedure is straight forward.
 Evaluate correcting for pressure changes
if necessary.
 For a closed system at constant volume, calculate ∆U=n∆U (where n is the
amount of the species being heating or cooled).
 For a closed system at constant pressure, calculate ∆H=n∆H.
 For open system calculate ∆H=n∆H where n is the species flow rate.
 Substitute for ∆U, ∆H or ∆H in the appropriate energy balance equation to
determine the required heat transfer, Q, or heat transfer rate, Q.
Example 8.3-5 (Energy balance on a gas preheater)
A stream containing 10% CH4 and
90% air by volume is to be heated
from 20 C to 300 C.
O O

Calculate the required rate of heat

input in kilowatts if the flow rate of
the gas is 2.00 x 103 litres (STP)/min.
Example 8.3-6 (Energy balance on a waster heat boiler)
 A gas stream containing 8.0 mole% CO and 92.0 mole% CO2 at
500OC is fed to a waster heat boiler, a large metal shell
containing a bundle of small diameter tubes.
 The hot gas flows over the outside of the tubes.
 Liquid water at 25OC is fed to the boiler in a ratio of 0.200 mol
feed water/mol hot gas and flows inside the tubes.
 Heat is transferred from the hot gas through the tube walls to
the water, causing the gas to cool and the water to heat to its
boiling point and evaporate to form saturated steam at 5.0 bar.
 The steam may be used for heating or power generation in the
plant or as the feed to another process.
Example 8.3-5 (Energy balance on a waste heat boiler)
 The gas leaving the boiler is flared (burned) and discharged to
the atmosphere.
 The boiler operates adiabatically i.e. all the heat transferred from
the gas goes into the water, as opposed to some king of leaking
through the outside boiler wall.
 The flow chart for an assumed basis of 1.00 mol feed gas is
shown below.
What is the
temperature of
the exiting gas?
Problem 8.3 Page 410 (Felder)
 The heat capacity at constant volume of hydrogen sulphide at low
pressures is

 Where T is in OC. A quantity of H2S is kept in a piston fitted cylinder with

initial temperature, pressure, and volume equal to 25OC, 2 atm and 3.00
litres, respectively
Problem 8.3 Page 410 (Felder)
 Calculate the heat (kJ) required to raise the temperature from 25OC to 1000OC if the
heating takes place at constant volume (i.e., if the piston does not move, retaining
successfully one term, two terms, and all three terms of the heat capacity formula.
 Determine the percentage errors in Q that result from retaining only one and two terms of
the heat capacity formula, assuming that the full expression yields the correct result.
 For a closed system, at constant pressure with negligible kinetic and potential energy
changes, the energy balance equation is Q=ΔH.
 Determine an expression for the heat capacity at constant pressure, CP for H2S, assuming
ideal gas behaviour.
 Use it to calculate the heat (J) required to raise the gas from 25OC to 1000OC at constant
pressure.
 What would the piston do during the process?
Phase change operations
 Phase change such as melting and evaporation are usually
accompanied by large changes in internal energy and enthalpy.
 Heat transfer requirements in phase change operations
consequently tend to be substantial, since Q=∆U close system
and Q= ∆H open system.
 In this chapter our discussion will be limited to phase changes
between liquid and vapour (evaporation, condensation) and solid
and liquid (melting, freezing).
 However the methods may be extended to other phase changes,
such as sublimation (conversion from solid to vapour) and
conversion from one solid phase to another.
Latent heats
 The specific enthalpy change associated with the transition of a substance
from one phase to another at constant temperature and pressure is known
as latent heat of phase change.
 For example, specific enthalpy change ∆H for the transition of liquid water
to steam at 100OC and 1 atm, equals to 40.6 kJ/mol.
 It is known as latent heat of vaporization of water at this temperature and
pressure.
 Since condensation is the reverse of vaporization and enthalpy is a state
property, the heat of condensation must be the negative of heat of
vaporization.
 That means the latent heat of condensation of water at 100OC and 1 atm
must be -40 kJ/mol.
Latent heats
 Similarly the heat of solidification is the negative of the heat of
fusion at the same temperature and pressure.
 Latent heat of two most commonly encountered phase changes
are defined as follows.
 Heat of fusion (or heat of melting). ∆Hm(T,P) is the specific
enthalpy difference between the solid and liquid forms of a
species at T and P.
 Heat of vaporization ∆Hv(T,P) is the specific enthalpy difference
between the liquid and vapour forms of a species at T and P.
 The latent heat of a phase change may considerably vary with
the temperature at which the change occurs but hardly varies
with the pressure at the transition point.
Latent heats
 For example the heat of vaporization of water at
25OC is 2442.5 kJ/g at P=23.78 mm Hg and 2442.3
J/g at P=760 mmHg.
 When using a tabulated latent heat make sure
that phase change in question takes place at the
temperature for which the tabulated value is
reported, but, you may ignore moderate variations
in pressure.
Example 8.4-1
At what rate in kilowatts
must heat be transferred to a
liquid stream of methanol at
its normal boiling point to
generate 1500 g/min of
saturated methanol vapour?
Latent heats
 Phase changes often occur at temperature other than the
temperature for which the latent heat is tabulated.
 When faced with this situation, we must select a hypothetical
process path that permits the available data to be used.
 Suppose that a substance is to be vaporized isothermally at
130OC, but the only available value of the heat of vaporization is
at 80OC.
 A process path from the liquid at 130OC to the vapour at the
same temperature must be chosen that includes an isothermal
vaporization step at 80OC i.e. cool the liquid from 130OC to 80OC,
vaporize the liquid at 80OC and heat the vapour back to 130OC.
 Calculate enthalpy for each step.
 Summing the changes in enthalpy for each of these steps yields
Latent heats
 If a phase change occurs in a closed system, we must evaluate
∆U= ∆H-(PV) for the phase change to substitute into the energy
balance equation.
 For phase changes such as fusion, which involves only liquid and
solids, changes in PV are generally negligible compared to
change in H, so that
 ∆U= ∆H
 For vaporization, PV for the vapour (which equals RT if ideal gas
behaviour may be assumed) is normally orders of magnitude
greater than PV for the liquid, so that ∆(PV)=RT, and
 ∆Uv= ∆Hv-RT
Example 8.4-2
One hundred g moles per hour of
liquid n hexane at 25OC and 7 bar is
vaporized and heated to 300 C at
O

constant pressure. Neglecting the

effect of pressure on enthalpy,
estimate the rate at which heat must
be supplied.
Energy balance on processes involving phase changes
 When writing an energy balance on a process in which
component exists in two phase, we must choose a reference
state for that component by specifying both a phase and a
temperature and calculate the specific enthalpy of the
component till all process streams relative to this state.
 If a substance is a liquid at its reference state and a vapour in a
stream process, H may be calculated as outlined in previous
section which is to bring the liquid from the reference
temperature to a point at which ∆Hv is known, vaporize the
liquid, bring the vapour to the process stream temperature, and
sum the individual enthalpy changes for the three steps.
Partial vaporization of a mixture (Example 8.4-
4)
An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene
(B) and toluene (T) at 10OC is fed
continuously to a vessel in which the
mixture is heated to 50OC.
The liquid product is 40.0mol% B, and
the vapour product is 68.4mole% B.
How much heat must be transferred to
the mixture per g mole of feed?
Problem 8.24 Page 413 (Felder)
 Propane gas enters a continuous adiabatic heat exchanger at
40OC and 250 kPa and exits at 240OC.
 Superheated steam at 300OC and 5.0 bar enters the exchanger
flowing counter currently to the propane and exits as a saturated
liquid at the same pressure.
 Taking as a basis 100 mol of propane fed to the exchanger, draw
and label a process flowchart.
 Include in your labelling the volume of propane fed (m 3), the
mass of steam fed (kg), and the volume of steam fed (m3).
 Calculate the values of labelled specific enthalpies in the
following inlet-outlet enthalpy table for this process.
Problem 8.24 Page 413 (Felder)
 Use an energy balance to calculate the required mass feed rate
of the steam. Then calculate the volumetric flow rate of the two
streams (m3 steam fed/m3 propane fed).
 Assume ideal gas behaviour for the propane but not the steam
and recall that the exchanger is adiabatic.
 Calculate the heat transferred from the water to the propane
(kJ/m3 propane feed).
 Over a period of time, scale builds up on the heat transfer
surface, resulting in a lower rate of heat transfer between
propane and the steam.
 What changes in the outlet streams would you expect to see as a
result of decreased heat transfer?
Psychometric charts
 On a psychometric chart or humidity chart
several properties of a gas-vapour mixture
are cross plotted.
 The most common if these charts are that of
air-water system at 1 atm.
 It is used extensively in the analysis of
humidification, frying, and air conditioning
processes.
Psychometric charts
 Dry bulb temperature (T) the abscissa of chart
 Air temperature as measured by a thermometer, thermocouple,
or any other conventional temperature measuring instrument.
 Absolute humidity ha [kgH2O(v)/kgDA] moisture content the
ordinate of the chart
 The ratio cab easily be calculated from or converted to the mass
fraction of water.
 For example, the absolute humidity is 0.0150 kgH2O/kgDA, then
for every kilogram of dry air there is 0.015 kg of water vapour,
for a total of 1.015 kg.
 The mass fraction of water is (0.0150 kg/H2O)/(1.015 kg humid
air)=0.0148 kgH2O/kg.
Psychometric charts
 Relative humidity, hr=[100xρH2O/ ρH2O(T)].
 Curves on the psychometric chart correspond to
specified values of hr (100%, 90%, 80% etc.).
 The curve that forms the left boundary of the chart is
the 100% relative humidity curve, also known as the
saturation curve.
 Dew point, Tdp
 The temperature at which humid air becomes saturated
if it is cooled at constant pressure.
 The dew point of humid air at a given point on
psychometric chart can easily be determined.
Psychometric charts
 For example locate the point on chart corresponding o air at 29 OC and 20%
relative humidity.
 Cooling this air at constant pressure (1 atm) corresponds to moving
horizontally (at constant absolute humidity) to the saturation curve.
 Tdp is the temperature at the intersection, or 4OC.
 Humid volume, VH (m3/kg DA)
 The humid volume is the volume occupied by 1 kg of dry air plus the water
vapour that accompanies it.
 Lines of constant humid volume on the psychometric charts are steep and
have negative slopes.
 On chart, humid volume lines are shown corresponding to 0.75. 0.80, 0.85,
and 0.90 m3/kg DA.
 The volume may then be calculated as
Psychometric charts

 Wet bulb temperature

A porous material like cloth or cotton is soaked in water
and wrapped around the bulb of the thermometer to
form a wick.
 Thethermometer is placed in a stream of flowing air, as
shown in the figure.
 Evaporationof water from the wick into the flowing air,
as shown in the figure by a transfer of heat form the
bulb, which in turn causes a drop in the bulb
temperature falls to a certain value and remains there.
Material and energy balance on an air conditioner
Air at 80OF and 80% relative humidity is
cooled to 51OF at a constant pressure of
1 atm.
Use the psychometric chart to calculate
the fraction of the water that condenses
and the rate at which heat must be
removed to deliver 1000ft3/min of humid
air at the final condition.
 Chapter 9
Energy Balance on reactive processes
Felder and Rousseau
3rd Edition
Balances on reactive processes
Heat of reaction
Measurement and calculation of heat of
reaction: Hess’s Law
Formation reactions and heats of
formation
Heats of combustion
Energy balances on reactive processes
Introduction
 During the formation of water molecule three chemical
bonds are broken and four bonds are formed.
 More energy is released when water molecule bonds
forms than it takes to break the hydrogen and oxygen
molecule bonds.
 As a result about 250 kJ per mole of water formed
energy is released which must be taken away from the
reactor.
 If the energy required to break the bonds between
reactants is less than the energy required for the
formation of new bonds (products) the reaction is
Introduction
 The large internal energy and enthalpy changes commonly associated with
chemical reaction can play a major role in the design and operation of
chemical processes.
 If a reaction is endothermic, the energy needed to keep the reactor
temperature and hence the reaction rate from dropping too much may cost
enough to turn a profitable process into an unprofitable one.
 If the reaction is exothermic heat must be transferred away from the
reactor to keep the temperature below a value that leads to safety or
product quality problems.
 The heat transfer can be an asset (heat is used to generate steam in
boiler).
 Can be a liability (failure of the reactor temperature control system can
lead to rapid overheating and possibly an explosion).
 An energy balance on a reactor tells the process engineer how much
Heat of reaction
 Consider the reaction between solid calcium carbide and liquid
water to form solid calcium hydroxide and gaseous acetylene.

 The heat of reaction is the enthalpy change for a

process in which stoichiometric quantities of reactants
at temperature T and Pressure P react completely in a
single reaction to form products at the same
temperature and pressure.
 For example the heat of the calcium carbide reaction at 25OC
and 1 atm is
Heats of Reaction
The above equations signify that if 1 mol of
solid calcium carbide reacts completely with
2 moles of liquid water to form 1 mol of solid
calcium hydroxide and 1 mol of gaseous
acetylene, and the initial and final
temperatures are both at 25OC and the initial
and final pressures are both at 1 atm then
Hproducts-Hreactants=-125.4 kJ/mol.
Heats of reaction
Heat of reaction
 Following are several important terms and observations
related to heats of reaction
 If ∆Hr (T,P) is negative the reaction is exothermic at temperature
T and pressure P, and if ∆Hr (T,P) is positive the reaction is
endothermic at T and P.
 At low and moderate pressures, ∆Hr (T,P) is nearly independent
of pressure.
 The value of heat of reaction depends upon how the
stoichiometric equation is written.
Heat of reaction
 Thevalue of heat of reaction depends upon the state of
aggregation (gas, liquid or solid) of the reactants and
products.

 The standard heat of reaction, ∆Hr is the heat of

reaction when both the reactants and products are at
specified reference temperature and pressure, which
in this chapter would always remain at 25OC and 1
Heat of reaction
 If the reaction takes place in a closed reactor at constant
volume, the heat released or absorbed is determined by the
change in internal energy between reactants and products.
 The internal energy of reaction, ∆Ur (T) is the difference Up-Ur
assuming ideal gas behaviour.
Example 9.1-1
 The standard heat of combustion of n-butane vapour is

 Calculate the rate of enthalpy change ∆H (kJ/s), if 2400 mol/sec of CO 2 is

produced in this reaction and the reactants and products are all at 25 OC.
 What is the standard heat of reaction

 Calculate ∆H if 2400 mol/sec of CO2 is produced in this reaction and the

reactants and products are all at 25OC.
Measurement and calculation of heats of reaction: Hess’s Law
 A heat of reaction is measured in a calorimeter.
 A closed reactor immersed in a fluid contained in a well insulated vessel.
 The rise and fall of the fluid temperature can be measured and used to
determine the energy released or absorbed by the reaction and the value of
∆Hr.
 Suppose we wish to determine ∆Hr for the reaction
Measurement and calculation of heats of reaction: Hess’s Law
If the stoichiometric equation for
reaction 1 can be obtained by algebraic
operations (multiplication by constants,
addition, and subtraction on
stoichiometric equations for reactions
2,3 then the heat of reaction ∆Hr1 can be
obtained by performing the same
operation on the heats of reaction ∆H 2,
∆H3.
Formation reaction and heats of formation
 A formation reaction of a compound is the reaction in which the
compound is formed from its elemental constituents as they
normally occur in nature e.g. O2 rather than O.
 The enthalpy change associated with the formation of 1 mole of
the compound at a reference temperature and pressure (usually
25OC and 1 atm) is the standard heat of formation of the compound
∆Hf.
 Mathematically

 The standard heats of formation of all elemental species should be

set equal to zero in this formula.
Example 9.3-1

 Determine the standard heat of reaction for the

combustion of liquid n-pentane, assuming H 2O (l) is a
combustion product.
Heats of combustion
 The standard heat of combustion of a substance ∆H c is
the heat of combustion of that substance with oxygen to
yield specified products e.g. CO2 and H2O with both
reactants and products are at 25OC and 1 atm.
 Following assumptions are used for heats of combustion
 All carbon in the fuel forms CO2
 All hydrogen forms H2O
 All sulphur forms SO2
 All nitrogen forms N2.
Heats of combustion
 One of the principal applications of above equation is to determine heats of
formation for combustible substances whose formation does not occur
naturally. For example, the formation reaction of pentane

 Cannot be carried out in a laboratory, but carbon, hydrogen and pentane

can all be burned and their standard heat heats of combustion determined
experimentally.
 The heat of reaction may then be calculated from the equation below as
General procedures (heat of reaction method)
 Complete the material balance
 Choose reference state for specific enthalpy calculations
 For a single reaction in a continuous process, calculate the
extent of reaction E.
 Prepare the inlet outlet enthalpy table
 Calculate each unknown stream component enthalpy for the
species going from its reference state to the process state and
insert enthalpies in the table.
 Calculate ∆H for the reactor using one of the following formulas
General procedures (heat of formation
method)
 Generally preferable for multiple reactions
 Complete material balance
 Choose reference state
 Prepare inlet outlet enthalpy table.
 Calculate unknown specific enthalpy.
 Calculate ∆H for the reactor
Heat of reaction and heat of formation method
 The heat of reaction method amounts to bringing the
reactants from their inlet conditions to their reference
state at 25OC, carrying out the reaction at 25OC, bring the
products from their reference states at 25 OC to their outlet
states and summing the enthalpy changes for these steps
to calculate change in enthalpy for the overall process.
 The heat of formation method amounts to bring the
reactants from their inlet conditions to their constituent
elements at 25OC, taking the elements to products at their
outlet states, and summing the enthalpy change for these
two steps to calculate change in enthalpy for the overall
process.
Example 9.5-1
 The
standard heat of reaction for the oxidation of
ammonia is given below

 Onehundred mol NH3/s and 200 mol O2/s at 25OC are fed
into a reactor in which ammonia is completely
consumed.
 Theproduct gas emerges at 300OC. Calculate the rate at
which heat must be transferred to or from reactor,
assuming operation at approximately 1 atm.
Example 9.5-2
Example 9.5-4 (Simultaneous Material and Energy
Balance)
 The ethanol dehydrogenation reaction is carried out with the
feed entering at 300OC.
 The feed contains 90 mole% ethanol and the balance
acetaldehyde and enters the reactor at a rate of 150 mol/sec.
 To keep the temperature from dropping too much and thereby
decreasing the reaction rate to an unacceptable low level, heat
is transferred to the reactor.
 When the heat addition rate is 2440 kW, the outlet temperature
is 253OC.
 Calculate the fractional conversion of ethanol achieved in the
reactor.
Problem 9.11 Page 478 (Felder 3rd
edition)
 n butane is converted to isobutene in a continuous isomerization reactor
that operates isothermally at 149OC.
 The feed to the reactor contains 93 mole% n butane, 5% isobutene, and 2%
HCl at 149OC and a 40% conversion of n-butane is achieved.
 Taking a basis of 1 mol of feed gas, calculate the moles of each component
of the feed and product mixtures and the extent of reaction.
 Calculate the standard heat of isomerization reaction (kJ/mol).
 Then taking the feed and product species at 25OC as references, prepare an
inlet and outlet enthalpy table and calculate and fill in the component
amounts (mol) and specific enthalpies (kJ/mol).
 Calculate the required rate of heat transfer (kJ) to or from the reactor (state
which it is).
 Then determine the required heat transfer rate (kW) for a reactor feed of
325 mol/hr.
Problem 9.13 Page 479 (Felder 3rd edition)
 The production of most of the steel manufactured in the united states begins with the
reduction of hematite ore (mostly ferric oxide) with coke (carbon) in a blast furnace to
obtain pig iron. The basic reaction is

 Suppose that stoichiometric amounts of ferric oxide and carbon are fed at 77OF, the
reaction is complete, the iron emerges as a liquid at 2800OF, and CO emerges at 570OF.
 Perform the following calculations for a basis of 1 ton of iron produced.
 Draw and label a flowchart and perform all material balance calculations needed to
determine the amounts (lb mole) of each feed and product stream component
stoichiometrically.
 Taking the reactant and product species in their normal states at 77OF as references,
prepare an inlet and outlet enthalpy table and calculate and fill in all unknown component
specific enthalpies (Btu/lb-mole).
 Use the following physical property data for iron.

 Estimate the furnace heat requirement (Btu/ton Fe produced).

Problem 9.16 Page 479 (Felder 3rd edition)
 Sulphur dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide in a small pilot plant reactor.
 SO2 and 100% excess air are fed to the reactor at 450OC. For every one mole of O2 3.76
moles of N2 are fed.
 The reaction proceeds to a 65% SO2 conversion and the products emerge from the reactor
at 550OC. The production rate of SO3 is 1.00x102 kg/min.
 The reactor is surrounded by a water jacket into which water at 25OC is fed.
 Calculate the feed rates (standard cubic meters per second) of the SO2 and air feed
streams and the extent of reaction E(kmol/sec).
 Calculate the standard heat of SO2 oxidation reaction, ∆Hr (kJ/mol).
 Then taking molecular species at 25OC as references.
 Prepare and fill in an inlet-outlet enthalpy table and write energy balance to calculate the
heat (kW) that must be transferred from the reactor to the cooling water.
 Calculate the minimum flow rate of cooling water if its temperature rise to kept below
15OC.
Problem 9.17 Page 480 (Felder 3rd edition)
 Carbon monoxide at 25OC and steam at 150OC are fed to a continuous water-gas shift
reactor.
 The product gas, which contains 40.0 mole% H2, 40.0 mole% CO2, and the balance H2O(v),
emerges at 500OC at a rate of 2.50 SCMH (standard cubic meter per hour) and goes to a
condenser.
 The gas and liquid streams of H2O leaving the condenser are in equilibrium at 15OC and 1
atm. The liquid may be taken to be pure (no dissolved gases). Based on the given data
1.53 moles of vapour emerge from the condenser.

 Calculate the percent excess steam fed to the reactor and the rate of condensation of the
water (kg/hr).
 Calculate the rate (kW) at which heat must be transferred from the condenser.
 Taking atomic species at 25OC as references, prepare and fill in an inlet outlet enthalpy
table and calculate the required rate of heat transfer (kW) to or from the reactor.
Problem 9.27 Page 486 (Felder 3rd edition)
 Cumene (C9H12) is produced by reacting benzene with propylene
 C3H6(l)+C6H6(l) C9H12 (l) ∆Hr(77OF)=-39520 BTU/lb mole
 A liquid feed containing 75 mole% propylene and 25% n-butane and a second liquid stream
containing essentially pure benzene are fed to the reactor.
 Fresh benzene and recycled benzene both at 77 OF are mixed in 1:3 ratio (1 mol fresh feed/3
moles recycle) and passed through a heat exchanger where they are heated by the reactor
effluent before being fed to the reactor. The reactor effluent enters the exchanger at 400 OF and
leaves at 200OF.
 The pressure in the reactor is sufficient to maintain the effluent stream leaves as liquid.
 After being cooled in the heat exchanger, the reactor effluent is fed to a distillation column (T1).
 All of the butane and unreacted propylene are removed as overhead product from the column,
and the Cumene and unreacted benzene are removed as bottoms product and fed to a second
distillation column (T2) where they are separated.
 The benzene leaving the top of the second column is the recycle that is mixed with fresh
benzene feed.
 Of the propylene fed to the process, 20% does not react and leaves in the overhead product
from the first distillation column and for benzene 75% does not react.
 The production rate of Cumene is 1200 lb /hr.
Problem 9.27 Page 486 (Felder 3rd edition)
 Calculate the mass flow rates of streams fed to the
reactor, the molar flow rate and composition of the
reactor effluent, and the molar flow rate and
composition of the overhead product from the first
distillation column, T1.
 Calculatethe temperature of benzene stream fed to the
reactor and the required rate of heat addition to or
removal from the reactor.
 Use the following approximate heat capacities in your
calculations: CP[Btu/lbm.oF]=0.57 for propylene, 0.55 for
butane, 0.45 for benzene and 0.40 for Cumene.
Problem 9.28 Page 486 (Felder 3rd
edition)
 Ethylbenzene is converted to styrene in the catalytic dehydrogenation reaction


 A flow chart of simplified version of the commercial process is shown here.

 Fresh and recycled liquid benzene combine and are heated from 25OC to 500OC (A), and
the heated ethylbenzene is mixed adiabatically with steam at 700OC (B) to produce the
feed to the reactor at 600OC. The steam suppresses undesired side reactions and removes
carbon deposited in the catalyst surface.
 A once through conversion of 35% is achieved in the reactor (C), and the products emerge
at 560OC. The product stream is cooled to 25OC (D), condensing essentially all of the water,
ethyl benzene and styrene and allowing hydrogen to pass out as recoverable by product of
the process. The water and hydrocarbon liquids are immiscible and are separated in a
settling tank decanter (E). The water is vaporized and heated (F) to produce steam that
mixes with the ethyl benzene feed to the reactor.
 The hydrocarbon steam leaving the decanter is fed to distillation tower (G) which
separates the mixture into essentially pure styrene and ethylbenzene, each at 25 OC after
cooling and condensation steps have been carried out. The ethylbenzene is recycled to the
reactor preheater, and the styrene is taken off as a product.
Problem 9.2 Page 486 (Felder 3rd edition)
 Calculate on the basis of 100 kg/hr styrene produced the required fresh ethylbenzene feed
rate, the flow of recycled ethylbenzene, and the circulation rate of water, all in mol/hr.
(Assume P=1 atm).
 Calculate the required rates of heat input or withdrawal in kJ/hr for the ethylbenzene
preheater (A), steam generator (F), and reactor (C).
 Physical property data
Problem 9.30 Page 488 (Felder 3rd edition)
 The synthesis of ethyl chloride is accomplished by reacting ethylene
with hydrogen chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride catalyst
 Process data and a simplified schematic flowchart are given below
 Reactor : Adiabatic, outlet temperature = 50OC.
 Feed A = 100% HCl (g), 0OC
 Feed B : 93 mole % C2H4, 7% C2H6, 0OC
 Product C : consists of 1.5% of the HCl, 1.5% of the C 2H4 and all of the
C2H6 that enters the reactor
 Product D : 1600 kg C2H5Cl (l)/h, 0OC
 Recycle to reactor : C2H5Cl (l), 0OC
 C2H5Cl : ∆Hv=24.7 kJ/mol (assume independent of T)
 (CP)C2H5Cl(v) [kJ/(mol.OC)]=0.052+8.7x10-5T(OC)
Problem 9.30 Page 488 (Felder 3rd edition)
 The reaction is exothermic and if the heat of reaction is not removed in some
way the reactor temperature could increase to an undesirably high level.
 To avoid this occurrence, the reaction is carried out with the catalyst
suspended in liquid ethyl chloride.
 As the reaction proceeds, most of the heat liberated goes to vaporize the
liquid, making it possible to keep the reaction temperature at or below 50OC.
 The stream leaving the reactor consists of ethyl chloride formed by the
reaction and that vaporized in the reactor. This stream passes through a heat
exchanger where it is cooled to 0OC, condensing essentially all of the ethyl
chloride and leaving only unreacted C2H4. HCl, and C2H6 in the gas phase.
 A portion of the liquid condensate is recycled to the reactor at a rate equal to
the rate at which ethyl chloride is vaporized, and the rest is taken off as
product.
 At the process conditions, heats of mixing and the influence of pressure on
enthalpy may be neglected.
Problem 9.30 Page 488 (Felder 3rd edition)
At what rates (kmol/hr) do the two feed
streams enter the process?
Calculate the composition (component mole
fraction) and molar flow rate of product
stream C.
Write and energy balance around the reactor
and use it to determine the rate at which
ethyl chloride must be recycled.