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THE-CIRCULATORY-SYSTEM

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, with the heart functioning as a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It has four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and is responsible for generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way flow, and regulating blood supply. The heart's health is critical, as conditions like coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction can severely impact its function.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
25 views

THE-CIRCULATORY-SYSTEM

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, with the heart functioning as a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It has four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and is responsible for generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way flow, and regulating blood supply. The heart's health is critical, as conditions like coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction can severely impact its function.

Uploaded by

signuporlogin29
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood

THE HEART
Heart - often referred to as the seat of strong emotions. (‘
a lot of heart’, ‘broken heart’)
- It is a muscular organ that is essential for life
because it pumps blood through the body.
- In a healthy adult, it pumps 5L of blood per
minute. It continuous to pump in that rate for 75 years.
- In exercise, the amount of blood pumped per
minute is increased, but if the heart loses its pumping
ability, blood flow through the blood vessels stops.

** the heart is a two pumps in one structure.


*The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
and back to the left side of the heart through the vessels
of Pulmonary Circulation.
*The left side of the heart pumps blood to all other
tissues of the body and back to the right side of the heart
through vessels of Systemic Circulation.
** Functions of the heart:
1. Generating blood pressure
2. Routing blood – separates the pulmonary and
systemic circulation
3. Ensuring one way blood flow – valves 1 way blood
flow through the heart and blood vessels
4. Regulating blood supply – changes in the rate and
force of heart contraction match blood flow to the
changing metabolic needs of the tissues during rest,
exercise, and changes in body position

Size, Form, and Location of the Heart


The heart is shaped like a blunt cone and is approximately
the size of a closed fist.
- It is larger in physically active adults than in less
active but otherwise healthy adults
- It decreases in size after approximately 65 years
Apex – the blunt, rounded point of the heart
Base – the larger flat part at the opposite end of the heart
**The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the
two pleural cavities that surround the lungs.
**The heart is surrounded by its own cavity, the pericardial
cavity
Mediastinum – is a midline partition formed by the heart,
traches, esophagus and associated structures
** The heart lies obliquely in the mediastinum, with its
base directed posteriorly and slightly superiorly, and is
located just behind the sternum and extends to the
space just below the 2nd rib

-- and the apex is directed anteriorly and slightly


inferiorly directed to the left so 2/3 of the heart’s mass
lies to the left of the midline of the sternum. It is
located just behind the 5th and 6th ribs at the 5th
intercostal space just to the left of the sternum

Midclavicular line – the line formed when you draw an


imaginary line straight down from the middle of the left
clavicle, and passes over the apex
*** It is important for health professionals to know
the location and shape of the heart for the following
reasons:

1. Enables them to accurately place the


stethoscope to hear the heart sounds
2. To place chest leads for an electrocardiogram
3. To administer CPR (an emergency procedure that
maintains blood flow in the body if a person’s
heart stops

Anatomy of the Heart

Pericardium – forms the pericardial cavity where the


heart lies. It surrounds the heart and anchors it with
the mediastinum
** 2 layers of pericardium:
1. Fibrous pericardium –outer layer that is
composed of tough, fibrous connective tissue
2. Serous pericardium – inner layer that consists of
flat epithelial cells with a thin layer of connective
tissue
*2 parts of serous membrane: parietal p. (lines fibrous
p.) and visceral p. (covers the heart surface)
External Anatomy

R/L atria (atrium) – entrance chamber.


- Located at the base of the heart
R/L ventricles – extend from the base towards the
apex
Coronary sulcus – a groove that extends around
the heart separating the atria from the ventricles
*** Blood enters the heart at the atria.
- Veins carry blood to the atria.
- The superior and inferior vena cava carry
blood from the body to the R atrium
- Pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs to the
L atrium.

*** Blood exits the heart at the ventricles


- Blood flows from the ventricles through large
arteries (great vessels or great arteries)
- Pulmonary trunk arising from the R ventricle
splits into R & L pulmonary arteries which carry
blood to the lungs
- The aorta arising from the L ventricle carries
blood to the rest of the body
Heart Chambers and Internal Anatomy
4 chambers: R atrium, L atrium, R ventricle, and L ventricle
R & L Atria
-atria functions primarily as reservoirs, where blood
returning from veins collects before it enters the
ventricles.
- It receives blood through the pulmonary veins
which drain blood from the lungs
Interatrial septum – a partition separates the 2 atria
from each other
- R atrium, receives blood from 3 major openings:
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, & the
coronary sinus.
- the superior and inf. Vena cava drain blood from
most of the body. The coronary sinus drains blood
from most of the heart muscle.
R & L Ventricles
- The major pumping chambers of the heart
- They inject blood into the arteries and force it
to flow into the circulatory system
- R ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary
trunk.
- L ventricle pumps blood into the aorta. Wall is
thicker than the R
- **When L ventricle contract, the pressure
increases to 120 mmHg, R ventricles, 24mmHg
The pressure generated by the L ventricle moves
blood through the larger systemic circulation,
whereas, the lower pressure moves blood through
the smaller pulmonary circulation
- Interventricular septum – separates the
ventricle from each other
Heart Valves
- Maintains the one-way flow of blood through the
heart chambers

2 types of heart valves:


1. Atrioventricular ( AV ) valve – located between
each atrium and ventricle
 Tricuspid valve – av valve between the R
atrium and R ventricle
 Bicuspid valve or Mitral valve – av valve
between the L atrium and L ventricle
- Papillary muscles – cone-shaped muscular
pillars in each ventricle
- Chordae tendineae – thin, strong, connective
tissue strings that attaches the papillary muscles to
the free margins of the cusps of the AV valves
2. Semilunar (SL) valve – located between each ventricle and its
artery.
Pulmonary SL valve – located between the R ventricle and the
Pulmonary trunk
Aortic SL valve – located between the L ventricle and the aorta
Route of Blood Flow through the Heart

Blood Flow Through the Heart (Made Easy in 5 Minutes!).mp4

Blood Supply to the Heart


Two coronary arteries supply blood to the wall of the heart
- Coronary arteries originates from the base of the
aorta just above the aortic semilunar valves
 L coronary artery – from the L side of the aorta
3 major branches: (supply much of the anterior wall of the
heart and most in L ventricle)
1. Anterior interventricular artery – lies in the anterior
interventricular sulcus
2. Circumflex artery – extends around the coronary
sulcus on the L to the posterior surface of the heart
3. L marginal artery – extends inferiorly along the
lateral wall of the L ventricle from the circumflex artery
 R coronary artery – originates on the R side of the
aorta
-it extends around the coronary
sulcus on the R to the posterior surface of the heart
giving rise to the posterior interventricular artery

** Blood flowing through the coronary arteries gives


up approximately 70% of its O2
- Cardiac Veins – drain blood from the cardiac
muscle into the coronary sinus (a large vein located
within the coronary sulcus on the posterior aspect of
the heart), which allows blood to flow into the atrium
Histology of the Heart
3 layers of tissue of the heart wall: epicardium,
myocardium, and endocardium
Epicardium – aka visceral pericardium, thin, serous
membrane forming the smooth outer surface of the
heart
- It consists of simple squamous epithelium
Myocardium – thick, middle layer of the heart
composed of cardiac muscle cells.
- Responsible for contraction of the heart
chambers
Endocardium – smooth inner surface of the heart
which consists of simple squamous epithelium over a
layer of connective tissue
- It allows blood to move easily to the heart
** trabeculae carneae – ridges and columns of
cardiac muscle that modifies the surfaces of the
interior walls of the ventricles
Cardiac Muscle
-are elongated branching cells that contain one, or
occasionally two, centrally located nuclei. They contain
actin and myosin filaments which are responsible for
muscle contraction.
- they rely on Ca2+ and ATP for contraction .
Stimulation of the Heart
- Cardiac muscle cells are stimulated before
they contract.
- The movement of blood through the heart
is determined by a coordinated sequence of
cardiac muscle contraction, with atrial
contraction followed by ventricular
contraction.
Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle
- The cardiac muscle exhibit depolarization
followed by repolarization
Depolarization phase - Na+ ions diffuses into
the cell
-produces contraction of cardiac
muscle
-When Na+ enters it stimulates the
opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels.
** at the peak of depolarization, Na+ channels
closes and some K+ channels open , causing
potassium to exit and is being counteracted by
the calcium ions entrance.
Repolarization – begins when the Ca+ channels
close and many K+ channels open allowing them
to move out of the cell
Conduction System of the Heart
(video)

Abnormal Heart Rhythms


Cardiac Cycle
- Repetitive pumping process that begins with the
onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with
the beginning of the next contraction.

- The sequence of events that occurs from the


beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the
next heartbeat, during which time the atria and
ventricles contract, ensuring blood flow

Atrial Systole – refers to the contraction of two atria


Ventricular systole – contractions of the two
ventricles
Atrial Diastole – refers to the relaxation of the 2 atria
Ventricular diastole – relaxation of the 2 ventricles
Heart Sounds
2 main heart sound:
1st heart sound - represented by the syllable lubb.
-occurs at the beginning of
ventricular systole and results from closure of the
AV valves
2nd heart sound – represented by dupp
-occurs at the beginning of
ventricular diastole and results from closure of the
semilunar valves
Incompetent valve – a heart valve that does not
close completely
Various measurements taken to assess the heart
Regulation of Heart Function
function:
1. Cardiac output (CO) – the volume of blood pumped
by either ventricle of the heart each minute
-can be calculated by
multiplying the Stroke volume and the Heart rate
- CO = SV x HR
(mL/min) (mL/beat)
(beats/min)
Ex: CO=SVxHR
= 70mL/beat x 72bpm
= 5040mL/min (~5L/min)

2. Stroke volume (SV) – volume of blood pumped


per ventricle each time the heart contracts

3. Heart rate (HR) – the number of times the


heart contracts each minute
(Heart)Intrinsic Regulation- results from the heart’s
normal functional characteristics and does not
depend on either neural or hormonal regulation

Preload – the degree to which the ventricular walls


are stretched at the end of diastole

Venous return – the amount of blood that returns to


the heart

Starling’s law of the heart – the relationship


between preload and stroke volume

Afterload – the pressure against which the ventricles


must pump blood
Extrinsic regulation - includes nervous regulation
(Baroreceptor reflex) and chemical regulation
(Chemoreceptor reflex)
Baroreceptor reflex
- A mechanism of the nervous system that plays
an important role in regulating heart function
Baroreceptors – are stretch receptors that monitor
blood pressure in the aorta and in the wall of the
internal carotid arteries, which carry blood to the
brain.
Cardioregulatory center – located in the medulla
oblongata which receives and integrates action
potentials from the baroreceptors
-it controls the action potential frequency in
sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers that
extend from the brain and spinal cord to the heart
** Sympathetic stimulation increase SV and HR
**The baroreceptor reflex detects changes in blood
pressure. If BP increases suddenly the reflex causes
a decrease in HR and SV
**Emotions influence heart function by increasing
sympathetic stimulation of the heart in response to
exercise, excitement, anxiety or anger and by
increasing parasympathetic stimulation in response
to depression
**alterations in fluid levels of CO2, pH, and ion
concentrations, as well as changes in body
temperature, influence heart function
Condition Description
Inflammation of Heart Tissues
Inflammation of the endocardium,affects the valves more severely, may
Endocarditis lead to scarring,causing stenosed or incompetent valve
Cardiomyopathy Dse. Of the myocardium of unknown cause or occurring secondarily to
other dse., weakened cardiac muscle causing chambers to enlarge and
may lead to CHF
Rheumatic Heart Disease Results from a streptococcal infection in young people, toxin produced by
the bacteria can cause rheumatic fever
Reduced Blood Flow to cardiac Muscle
Coronary Heart Disease Reduces the amount of blood the coronary arteries deliver to the
myocardium
Coronary Thrombosis Formation of blood clot in a coronary artery
Congenital Heart Disease
Hole in the septum between the L and R side of the heart allowing blood
Septal Defect to flow from one side to the other, greatly reducing the heart’s pumping
effectiveness
Patent Ductus Arteriosus The ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth,allowing blood to flow from
the aorta to the pulmonary trunk under a higher pressure which damages
the lungs.
Myocardial Infarction
- Decrease or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion
of the myocardium
- AKA Heart attack
Symptoms:
1. Chest pains that radiate down the L arm
2. Tightness and pressure in the chest
3. Difficulty breathing
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Dizziness and Fatigue
Treatment:
- Restore blood flow to cardiac muscle
- Medication to reduce blood clotting (aspirin) and increase
blood flow (t-PA)
- Supplemental Oxygen to restore normal O2 to heart tissue
- Prevention and control of hypertension
- Angioplasty or Bypass Surgery

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